A systematic summary of fabrication technologies, a variety of structures and biomedical applications of polymeric microspheres.

Liquid-like polymer lubricating surfaces (LPLSs) are solid substrates with highly flexible polymer chains grafted via covalent bonds. This unique modification enables ultralow contact-angle hysteresis, repellency of various liquids and bulk ice, and stability. The distinctive wettability and universality of LPLSs have potential applications in liquid motion, biological detection, and environmental protection. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms, preparation, and applications of LPLSs. We discuss the wettability and lubrication mechanisms of liquid droplets on LPLSs. We then categorize LPLS fabrication into “grafted onto” and “grafted from” groups, depending on the type of polymer. We highlight representative applications with recent developments in anti-complex liquid, anti-icing, anti-biological adhesions, biosensing, and photocatalytic activity. Finally, we discuss future challenges and outlooks for LPLSs.

Superhydrophobic surface (SHS) has been well developed, as SHS renders the property of minimizing the water/solid contact interface. Water droplets deposited onto SHS with contact angles exceeding 150°, allow them to retain spherical shapes, and the low adhesion of SHS facilitates easy droplet collection when tilting the substrate. These characteristics make SHS suitable for a wide range of applications. One particularly promising application is the fabrication of microsphere and supraparticle materials. SHS offers a distinct advantage as a universal platform capable of providing customized services for a variety of microspheres and supraparticles. In this review, an overview of the strategies for fabricating microspheres and supraparticles with the aid of SHS, including cross-linking process, polymer melting, and droplet template evaporation methods, is first presented. Then, the applications of microspheres and supraparticles formed onto SHS are discussed in detail, for example, fabricating photonic devices with controllable structures and tunable structural colors, acting as catalysts with emerging or synergetic properties, being integrated into the biomedical field to construct the devices with different medicinal purposes, being utilized for inducing protein crystallization and detecting trace amounts of analytes. Finally, the perspective on future developments involved with this research field is given, along with some obstacles and opportunities.

Introduction: The objective was to evaluate the poisoning severity score (PSS) as an early prognostic predictor in patients with wasp stings and identify associated clinical characteristics and risk factors for mortality. Methods: A total of 363 patients with wasp stings at Suining Central Hospital between January 2016 and December 2018 were enrolled. Within the first 24 h of admission, the poisoning severity score (PSS) and the Chinese expert consensus on standardized diagnosis and treatment of wasp stings (CECC) were utilized for severity classification, and their correlation was examined. Patients were then divided into survival and death groups based on discharge status. Logistic regression analysis was employed to analyze factors influencing patients’ outcomes. Results: The mortality of wasp sting patients was 3.9%. The PSS and CECC were found to correlate for severity classification. Additionally, female gender, age, number of stings, and PSS were identified as independent risk factors for mortality in wasp sting patients. Combining these four factors yielded an AUC of 0.962 for predicting death. Conclusions: PSS aids in early severity classification of wasp stings. Female gender, age, number of stings, and PSS were independent mortality risk factors in these patients.

Original Article Combined electronic medical records and gene polymorphism characteristics to establish an anti-tuberculosis drug-induced hepatic injury (ATDH) prediction model and evaluate the prediction value Jingwei Zhang, Wei Zhou, Shijie Ma, Yuwei Kang, Wei Yang, Xiaodong Peng, Yi Zhou, Fei Deng