In this study, the effect of Al on the high temperature oxidation of Al-containing refractory high entropy alloys (RHEAs) Ta-Mo-Cr-Ti-xAl (x = 5; 10; 15; 20 at%) was examined. Oxidation experiments were performed in air for 24 h at 1200 °C. The oxidation kinetics of the alloy with 5 at% Al is notably affected by the formation of gaseous MoO₃ and CrO₃, while continuous mass gain was detected for alloys with the higher Al concentrations. The alloys with 15 and 20 at% Al form relatively thin oxide scales and a zone of internal corrosion due to the formation of dense CrTaO₄ scales at the interface oxide/substrate. The alloys with 5 and 10 at% Al exhibit, on the contrary, thick and porous oxide scales because of fast growing Ta₂O₅. The positive influence of Al on the formation of Cr₂O₃ followed by the growth of CrTaO₄ to yield a compact scale is explained by getter and nucleation effects.

Phase separation into an A2+B2 two-phase microstructure in refractory compositionally complex alloys (RCCA) has been speculated as being spinodal in nature with continuous chemical distribution during the separation. However, these reactions might instead occur as precipitation by nucleation and growth. In order to unequivocally elucidate the distinct nature of phase separation sequence in RCCA from the system Ta-Mo-Ti-Cr-Al, atom probe tomography and electron microscopy techniques were utilized on samples that were annealed over multiple orders of magnitude in time. The composition 82(TaMoTi)-8Cr-10Al (at.%) was chosen, as it exhibits a two-phase microstructure, with a desired A2 matrix and embedded B2 phase. Quenching the samples from 1200 °C resulted in a microstructure consisting of ordered clusters (2 nm) of distinct chemical composition. Subsequent annealing at 800 to 1000 °C leads to an increase in the volume fraction of the precipitating phase, which saturates after 10 h. Further annealing leads to the ripening of the microstructure; however, the absolute size of the precipitates stays < 100 nm even after 1000 h. Only a minor morphological change to elongated precipitates is observed during precipitation and coarsening. For the investigated conditions, the interface between matrix and precipitate can be considered sharp within the resolution of the applied techniques and no significant change in the transition of chemical composition across the interface is observed. Therefore, the phase separation mechanism is confirmed to be phase nucleation and growth in contrast to the possible spinodal decomposition, as hypothesized for other RCCA systems. The impact of precipitation and coarsening on the hardness of the alloy is discussed. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Isothermal and thermomechanical fatigue behavior of duplex stainless steel (DSS) X2CrNiMoN22-5-3 was investigated. The aim of this work was to understand the fatigue behavior by correlation of the isothermal and thermomechanical fatigue behavior with microstructural observations. Fatigue tests at plastic-strain-amplitude of 0.2% were carried out at 20, 300 and 600 °C, while in-phase (IP) and out-of-phase (OP) thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) experiments were performed between 300 and 600 °C. During the 20 °C fatigue test, a continuous softening was observed. Transmission electron microscopy examinations reveal pronounced planar slip behavior in austenite. At 300 °C, deformation concentrates in the ferrite, where strong interactions between Cr_xN and dislocations were observed that explain the pronounced cyclic hardening. DSS studied exhibits softening throughout the whole isothermal fatigue test at 600 °C. In ferrite, during the 600 °C fatigue test, the G phase, γ′ austenite precipitated, and an unordered dislocation arrangement was observed. The stress responses of the TMF tests can be correlated to those of the isothermal fatigue tests. In IP mode, a positive mean stress resulted in premature failure. No γ′ austenite but the formation of subgrains in the ferrite phase was observed after TMF tests. The plastic deformation of the austenite at high temperatures results in an unordered dislocation arrangement.