In this study, we firstly reported the complete chloroplast (cp) genome sequences of the Mangifera sylvatica from Nanning, Guangxi province, China. The complete wild mango cp genome size is 158063 bp with a typical small single-copy region (SSC, 18340 bp), a large single-copy region (LSC, 87008 bp) and a pair of inverted repeats (IRs, 26379 bp and 26379 bp respectively). Out of 112 unique annotated genes in mango cp genome, 78 found to be protein coding, 30 to be tRNA and 4 rRNA genes. Besides, we found 51 microsatellite sequences (SSRs) in the cp genome. Sequence alignment and ML analysis of 29 full plastome data revealed M. sylvatica shares the closest relationship with cultivated mango (M. indica) and form a sister group with Rhus chinensis within Anacardiaceae.

Most woody bamboos bloom only once after long vegetative growth phases and die immediately afterwards. It is difficult, however, to determine the timing of the floral transition, as little information is available on the molecular mechanism of plant maturity in bamboos. To uncover the bamboo floral transition mechanism, its morpho-physiological characteristics, transcriptomes and large-scale quantitative proteomes were investigated in leaves which were collected at different stages during floral transition in a woody bamboo, Dendrocalamus latiflorus. We identified many flowering time-associated genes and the continued increase and decrease genes were screened as flowering biomarker genes (e.g., the MADS14 and bHLH13 genes). These different genes were assigned to specific metabolic pathways by the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). And the photoperiod pathways depending on the circadian rhythm may play an essential role in the bamboo floral transition. In addition, a total of 721 differently expressed proteins of leaves from the vegetative-to-reproductive stages were identified. Fifty-five genes were specifically differentially expressed at both the transcriptomic and proteomic levels, including genes related to photosynthesis and nucleotide sugar, which may be involved in the floral transition. This work provides insights into bamboo flowers and the management of forest breeding.

Background Most woody bamboos flower only once after long vegetable growth phases and die immediately afterward. It is difficult to know the timing of the floral transition, as little information is available on the molecular mechanism of plant maturity in bamboos. Results In this study, through RNA sequencing of leaves of D. latiflorus during floral transition and de novo assembly, a final set of 155,494 unigenes were obtained with N50 of 2,069 bp. We identified a lot of flowering time-associated and flowering integration genes and the continued increase and decrease genes were screened as flowering biomarker genes, such as MADS14, bHLH13, ABA-related genes. The different genes were assigned to specific metabolic pathways by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and the photoperiod pathways depending on the circadian rhythm may play an essential role in the bamboo floral transition. In addition, a total of 721 different expressed proteins of leaves from the vegetable-to-reproductive stages in the same flowering clumps were identified using iTRAQ technique. The correlations between the expression levels of a transcript and the abundance of its corresponding protein were observed infrequently, but the very strong correlation in the specific metabolic process was observed, such as carbon metabolism, sugar metabolism, and photosynthesis, underlining the importance of these metabolic pathways during floral transition. Conclusions In this report, we combined transcriptome with large-scale quantitative proteomes to investigate the flower transition of D. latiflorus. This work will provide insights into mechanism of floral transition for bamboos, and management of forest breeding.