Exercise addiction is characterized by increasing exercise amounts which take priority over other areas of life. It is mostly observed in individual sports, such as running and weight-lifting, whereas addiction in team sport has not previously been investigated. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of exercise addiction in a team sport (football) compared to an individual sport (fitness) and to test the psychometric properties of the Exercise Addiction Inventory in these populations. The Exercise Addiction Inventory was completed by 274 men in the age group of 16–39 years (98 football players and 176 fitness exercisers). The prevalence of exercise addiction was statistically equal in the two groups (7.1% in football and 9.7% in fitness). The Cronbach's alpha showed good internal reliability in both groups and factor analysis found one underlying factor interpreted as exercise addiction. Less of the variance was explained in the football sample with low loading on item 2: conflicts (0.2). We compared the structure of the scale between the two groups by using structural equation models and we found that exercise addiction can explain the six Exercise Addiction Inventory (EAI) variables. Thus, the EAI is recommended for identification of addiction in both populations but in football players the item of conflicts could be replaced. Motivation for exercise in the football group seemed to be enjoyment and competition, while the fitness group exercised for health and weight reasons. Different motivation for exercise might explain the psychometric differences of the scale, but further studies are warranted.

Objective.To investigate the effect of workplace neck/shoulder strength training with and without regular supervision on neck/shoulder pain and headache among office workers.Method.A 20-week cluster randomized controlled trial among 351 office workers was randomized into three groups: two training groups with the same total amount of planned exercises three times per week (1) with supervision (3WS) throughout the intervention period, (2) with minimal supervision (3MS) only initially, and (3) a reference group (REF). Main outcome is self-reported pain intensity in neck and shoulder (scale 0–9) and headache (scale 0–10).Results.Intention-to-treat analyses showed a significant decrease in neck pain intensity the last 7 days in 3MS compared with REF: −0.5 ± 0.2(P<0.02)and a tendency for 3WS versus REF: −0.4 ± 0.2 (P<0.07). Intensity of headache the last month decreased in both training groups: 3WS versus REF: −1.1 ± 0.2 (P<0.001) and 3MS versus REF: −1.1 ± 0.2 (P<0.001). Additionally, days of headache decreased 1.0 ± 0.5 in 3WS and 1.3 ± 0.5 in 3MS versus REF. There were no differences between the two training groups for any of the variables.Conclusion.Neck/shoulder training at the workplace reduced neck pain and headache among office workers independently of the extent of supervision. This finding has important practical implications for future workplace interventions.

Background: Inactivity and sedentary lifestyle have led experts to recommend an increase in structured, workplace-based physical activity (PA) initiatives. Previous studies on workplace-based PA have only shown moderate and short-term effects. This has been attributed to the lack of clear implementation strategies and understanding of factors that may hinder or enable uptake of PA. To ensure long-term, sustainable outcomes, there is a need for a better understanding of implementation strategies, and barriers and facilitators to workplace-based PA.Method: A scoping review of studies investigating implementation approaches and factors affecting uptake of workplace-based PA was conducted. Qualitative and quantitative articles published in MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, or PsycINFO between 2008 and 2018 evaluating the implementation of PA were included. Data on study characteristics, evaluation, and implementation methods applied were systematically extracted. Two reviewers extracted, coded, and organised factors affecting uptake using the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF).Results: After dual, blinded screening of titles and abstracts, 16 articles reporting on eight studies were included in the review. Several different methods of implementation were applied, including information meeting, kick-off events, and “change agents” as the most common. A total of 109 factors influencing implementation were identified, consisting of 57 barriers and 52 facilitators. Barriers most often related to the TDF domainsEnvironmental Context and Resources(n = 34, 36.2%),Social influences(n = 13, 13.8%), andSocial/Professional Role and Identity(n = 8, 8.5%). Likewise, facilitators most often related to the TDF domainsSocial influences(n = 17, 19.5%),Environmental Context and Resources(n = 16, 18.4%), andSocial/Professional Role and Identity(n = 9, 10.3%).Conclusion: Our review has highlighted the multilevel factors affecting the uptake of workplace-based PA and underpins the complexities in implementation of such initiatives. The published literature predominantly provides details from the employees’ perspectives on factors that need to be addressed and a lack of attention to these factors will cause them to hamper uptake of PA. The analysis of barriers and facilitators provides a theoretical foundation to guide future intervention design. However, further research is needed to fully understand the success or failure of implementation processes.

Objective. To provide a comprehensive understanding of the motivational factors and barriers that are important for compliance with high‐intensity workplace physical exercise that is aimed at reducing musculoskeletal disorders. Method. The present study, which used semideductive, thematic, and structured in‐depth interviews, was nested in a 20‐week cluster randomised controlled trial among office workers. Interviews were conducted with 18 informants with diverse fields of sedentary office work who participated in strength training at the workplace for 20 minutes, three times per week. Organisational, implementational, and individual motives and barriers were explored. Results & Discussion. The results show that attention should be given to the interaction between the management, the employees, and the intervention, as the main barrier to compliance was the internal working culture. The results emphasised the need for a clear connection between the management’s implementational intentions and the actual implementation. The results emphasise the importance of ensuring the legitimacy of the intervention among managers, participants, and colleagues. Moreover, it is important to centrally organise, structure, and ensure flexibility in the working day to free time for participants to attend the intervention. Recommendations from this study suggest that a thorough intervention mapping process should be performed to analyse organisational and implementational factors before initiating workplace physical exercise training.