Bone tissue engineering (BTE) is a promising alternative to repair bone defects using biomaterial scaffolds, cells, and growth factors to attain satisfactory outcomes. This review targets the fabrication of bone scaffolds, such as the conventional and electrohydrodynamic techniques, for the treatment of bone defects as an alternative to autograft, allograft, and xenograft sources. Additionally, the modern approaches to fabricating bone constructs by additive manufacturing, injection molding, microsphere-based sintering, and 4D printing techniques, providing a favorable environment for bone regeneration, function, and viability, are thoroughly discussed. The polymers used, fabrication methods, advantages, and limitations in bone tissue engineering application are also emphasized. This review also provides a future outlook regarding the potential of BTE as well as its possibilities in clinical trials.

Pretreatment of wood or other raw material with white-rot fungi (WRF) prior to pulping is known as biopulping. Lignin and hemicelluloses are removed selectively during early growth of WRF that produces enriched cellulose, known as selective delignification. Biopulping is considered as environment-friendly and cost-effective approach for delignification of lignocellulosic raw materials. The delignification efficiency of WRF during biopulping is directly related to ligninolytic enzymes production that is influence by several factors such as fungal strain, nature of raw material, oxygen availability, moisture content, pH, temperature, source of nitrogen, presence of Mn⁺⁺and Cu⁺⁺ions. The WRF, especiallyCeriporiopsis subvermispora,Trametes versicolorandPhanerochaete chrysosporium, have been used dominantly for the purpose of biopulping. It is an energy saving process that also improves brightness of pulp and strength properties including tensile index, burst index and folding endurance of paper. Significant decrease in kappa number has also been attained by fungal pretreatment of raw materials. Biological pretreatment of raw material also reduces the requirement of pulping chemicals.