Two-dimensional nanofluidics based on naturally abundant clay are good candidates for harvesting osmotic energy between the sea and river from the perspective of commercialization and environmental sustainability. However, clay-based nanofluidics outputting long-term considerable osmotic power remains extremely challenging to achieve due to the lack of surface charge and mechanical strength. Here, a two-dimensional all-natural nanofluidic (2D-NNF) is developed as a robust and highly efficient osmotic energy generator based on an interlocking configuration of stacked montmorillonite nanosheets (from natural clay) and their intercalated cellulose nanofibers (from natural wood). The generated nano-confined interlamellar channels with abundant surface and space negative charges facilitate selective and fast hopping transport of cations in the 2D-NNF. This contributes to an osmotic power output of ~8.61 W m⁻² by mixing artificial seawater and river water, higher than other reported state-of-the-art 2D nanofluidics. According to detailed life cycle assessments (LCA), the 2D-NNF demonstrates great advantages in resource consumption (1/14), greenhouse gas emissions (1/9), and production costs (1/13) compared with the mainstream 2D nanofluidics, promising good sustainability for large-scale and highly-efficient osmotic power generation.

Lithium is key for a clean energy transition but faces sustainability challenges in the global supply. Here, we use a bottom-up approach to study the evolution of the global lithium-ion battery industry from 2023 to 2050. The supply and demand trends are predicted to determine the supply potential and allocation structure of primary and secondary lithium. The results indicate a projected global lithium demand of 1.93 million metric tons in 2050, a significant increase of 26.2 times compared to 2023. In the process of global lithium resources shifting from underground reserves to in-use stocks, population and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) influence regions’ lithium endowment and per capita primary consumption, respectively. If the European Union’s new battery regulation is implemented globally, then it is projected to reduce global primary lithium consumption by 1.03 million metric tons by 2050, with a 53.48% decrease in the proportion of primary lithium consumption.

The aim of this study is to investigate the decision-making mechanism of reusable mobile phone trading behaviors by using the extended theory of planned behavior. In this study, based on the survey data of 964 residents in Beijing, China and structural equation modeling method, the main factors that affect consumers’ reusable mobile phone trading behavior and their degree of influence were analyzed, followed by discussion on decision-making mechanisms. The findings show that consumers’ behavioral selection has been significantly related to four intrinsic subjective factors and fifteen external objective factors, and the combined effect of the latter ones is nearly triple of that of the former ones. Moreover, the observed variables of environmental awareness, information leakage sensitivity, trading convenience and consumer trading returns are the four most significant factors. The impact of active trading behavior is not significant. However, this may be because that there were no great trading rewards, lack of trading awareness and regulations. Finally, the study put forward relevant policy recommendations for improving the comprehensive management of recycling reusable mobile phones, and provides a theoretical reference for improving the recycling rate of reusable mobile phones.

In recent years, the Chinese government has focused on doing a good job of “peak carbon dioxide emissions” and “carbon neutrality” work. In order to answer the call for national green development and transformation, an accurate carbon measurement in power grid enterprises is the basic premise to accurately grasp the trend of the carbon emission and effectively carry out various carbon emission reduction work. In the power grid, substations, whose loss can account for 50% of the overall grid loss, have a wide range of operating equipment and some equipment also has emissions or leakages of sulfur hexafluoride gas. Therefore, in order to improve the carbon measurement of substations, the main work of this paper is as follows. The carbon emission mechanism of substations based on the composition of substations is analyzed in depth. We focus on the carbon emissions generated by various energy consumption of substations and the leakage of $SF_{6}$ gas based on the carbon emission accounting method of power grid enterprises issued by the National Development and Reform Commission and the relationship between the energy consumption and carbon emissions. Then, carbon measurement models of substations based on the measurement data are established. And we also calculate the carbon emissions of the substation, taking a 500kV GIS substation of China Southern Power Grid as an example. This paper provides a more comprehensive research on carbon measurement models of substations by analyzing the carbon emission generated by the energy consumption of substations and the leakage of gases. Therefore, it provides support for clarifying the distribution of substation carbon emissions, carrying out carbon emission reduction and promoting the transformation of the green development of power systems.