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Prof. Albert T. Modi
Centre for Transformative Agricultural and Food Systems, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, Scottsville 3201, South Africa

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0 Food Security
0 Rural Development
0 Sustainable Agriculture
0 Seed Science and Technology
0 indigenous knowledge

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Journal article
Published: 24 August 2021 in Nutrients
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Under- and over-nutrition co-exist as the double burden of malnutrition that poses a public health concern in countries of the developing regions, including South Africa (SA). Vulnerable groups such as pregnant women and children under five years are the most affected by malnutrition, especially in rural areas. Major contributing factors of malnutrition include food and nutrition insecurity, poverty, and unhealthy lifestyles. The current study aimed to assess the nutritional status, using selected anthropometric indices and dietary intake methods (repeated 24 h recall and food frequency), of four rural communities in KwaZulu-Natal (SA). Purposive sampling generated a sample of 50 households each in three rural areas: Swayimane, Tugela Ferry, and Umbumbulu and 21 households at Fountain Hill Estate. The Estimated Average Requirement cut-point method was used to assess the prevalence of inadequate nutrient intake. Stunting (30.8%; n = 12) and overweight (15.4%; n = 6) were prevalent in children under five years, whilst obesity was highly prevalent among adult females (39.1%; n = 81), especially those aged 16–35 years. There was a high intake of carbohydrates and a low intake of fibre and micronutrients, including vitamin A, thus, confirming the need for a food-based approach to address malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies, particularly vitamin A deficiency.

ACS Style

Laurencia Govender; Kirthee Pillay; Muthulisi Siwela; Albert Thembinkosi Modi; Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi. Assessment of the Nutritional Status of Four Selected Rural Communities in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Nutrients 2021, 13, 2920 .

AMA Style

Laurencia Govender, Kirthee Pillay, Muthulisi Siwela, Albert Thembinkosi Modi, Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi. Assessment of the Nutritional Status of Four Selected Rural Communities in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Nutrients. 2021; 13 (9):2920.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Laurencia Govender; Kirthee Pillay; Muthulisi Siwela; Albert Thembinkosi Modi; Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi. 2021. "Assessment of the Nutritional Status of Four Selected Rural Communities in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa." Nutrients 13, no. 9: 2920.

Journal article
Published: 09 July 2021 in Sustainability
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Smallholder farmers face several challenges that limit their access to markets and prevent them from taking advantage of market opportunities. This study sought to provide observed information on households’ involvement in the output market and to analyse the determinants of the level of market participation among smallholder farmers in South Africa. Data (secondary) for this study were collected from a total of 1520 respondents who were selected through stratified random sampling. Descriptive statistics, t-test and a double-hurdle model were used to analyse factors influencing smallholder farmers’ decisions regarding participation in the agricultural market. The first-hurdle equation of the double-hurdle model showed that gender of the household, family member working on the farm, wealth index, and agricultural assistance had a positive significant impact on the decision of smallholder farmers to participate in the market, while household age and family member with HIV had a negative significant impact. The results of the second-hurdle model showed marital status, educational level of household, wealth index, and access to agricultural assistance had a negative significant effect on the extent of market participation among smallholder farmers, while household size, household age, and family member with HIV had a positive significant impact. The suggestions emanating from the results as to what factors need to be addressed to encourage smallholder farmers to participate in the market indicate that there is a need for government to hire sufficient and skilled extension workers who understand the market related issues. With the help of extension workers and policymakers, government need to organize smallholder farmers into groups that are easy to manage, train, and support. Smallholder farmers’ groups should have their farmers registered, visible, and easily accessible for coordinated government support services. They also need to do more workshops in rural areas to encourage young people to be involved in agriculture. This will lead to sustainable production, alleviation of poverty, improvement of the economy, and food security.

ACS Style

Simphiwe Hlatshwayo; Mjabuliseni Ngidi; Temitope Ojo; Albert Modi; Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi; Rob Slotow. A Typology of the Level of Market Participation among Smallholder Farmers in South Africa: Limpopo and Mpumalanga Provinces. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7699 .

AMA Style

Simphiwe Hlatshwayo, Mjabuliseni Ngidi, Temitope Ojo, Albert Modi, Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi, Rob Slotow. A Typology of the Level of Market Participation among Smallholder Farmers in South Africa: Limpopo and Mpumalanga Provinces. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (14):7699.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Simphiwe Hlatshwayo; Mjabuliseni Ngidi; Temitope Ojo; Albert Modi; Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi; Rob Slotow. 2021. "A Typology of the Level of Market Participation among Smallholder Farmers in South Africa: Limpopo and Mpumalanga Provinces." Sustainability 13, no. 14: 7699.

Journal article
Published: 18 June 2021 in Journal of Food Composition and Analysis
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Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc) has the potential to address food insecurity in sub-Saharan Africa. However, a lack of cultivars with improved nutritional quality hinders its potential. This study evaluated nutritional content in the grain of 19 Bambara groundnut lines. The nutritional content of the lines varied significantly (p < 0.05) with lines Mix, Tiganecuru, and Pong-Br-UNK exhibiting the highest means for starch protein and fat contents, respectively. The first principal component (PC) accounted for 21.9 % of the variation and was strongly correlated with K (which contributed 20.1 %), ash (19.5 %), NDF (16.4 %) and ADF (14.8 %). The second PC explained 16.1 % of the variation and was significantly correlated to magnesium (19.7 %), starch (17.3 %) and protein (10.7 %). This is essential to select superior lines for developing Bambara groundnut breeding populations for improving nutrition in SSA. The negative correlations between some of the nutrient such as NDF and ash, NDF and K, and Mg and Mn would be a challenge for simultaneous selection to breed nutritious Bambara groundnut lines. Further, analyses of anti-nutrient chemicals is recommended.

ACS Style

Nokuthula Cherry Hlanga; Albert Thembinkosi Modi; Isack Mathew. Evaluating Nutritional Content Among Bambara Groundnut Lines. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 2021, 102, 104053 .

AMA Style

Nokuthula Cherry Hlanga, Albert Thembinkosi Modi, Isack Mathew. Evaluating Nutritional Content Among Bambara Groundnut Lines. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 2021; 102 ():104053.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nokuthula Cherry Hlanga; Albert Thembinkosi Modi; Isack Mathew. 2021. "Evaluating Nutritional Content Among Bambara Groundnut Lines." Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 102, no. : 104053.

Journal article
Published: 10 May 2021 in Water
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Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) acknowledge the inter-linkages between human wellbeing, economic prosperity, and a healthy environment and, hence, are associated with a wide range of topical issues that include the securities of water, energy and food resources, poverty eradication, economic development, climate change, health, among others. As SDGs are assessed through targets to be achieved by 2030 and monitored through measurable indicators, this study applied the nexus planning model to monitor and evaluate progress towards SDGs using South Africa as a case study. The study highlighted pathways to ensure socio-ecological sustainability and environmental health by establishing the connectivity between SDGs and nexus approaches. The linkages between SDGs and nexus planning facilitated the sustainable management of resources in an integrated manner. They addressed the cross-sectoral synergies, value-addition, and trade-offs within interlinked sectors. The connectedness of current challenges facing humankind (climate change, rapid urbanisation, migration, and the emergence of novel infectious diseases) require transformative approaches that address these cross-cutting challenges holistically. Managing the intricate relationships between distinct but interconnected sectors through nexus planning has provided decision support tools to formulate coherent strategies that drive resilience and sustainability. The established linkages between nexus planning and SDGs have strengthened cross-sectoral collaboration and unpacked measures for cooperative governance and management through evidence-based interventions. As food production, water provision, and energy accessibility are the major socio-economic and environmental issues currently attracting global attention; the methodology promotes attaining sustainability by 2030.

ACS Style

Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi; Luxon Nhamo; Tendai Chibarabada; Goden Mabaya; Sylvester Mpandeli; Stanley Liphadzi; Aidan Senzanje; Dhesigen Naidoo; Albert Modi; Pauline Chivenge. Assessing Progress towards Sustainable Development Goals through Nexus Planning. Water 2021, 13, 1321 .

AMA Style

Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi, Luxon Nhamo, Tendai Chibarabada, Goden Mabaya, Sylvester Mpandeli, Stanley Liphadzi, Aidan Senzanje, Dhesigen Naidoo, Albert Modi, Pauline Chivenge. Assessing Progress towards Sustainable Development Goals through Nexus Planning. Water. 2021; 13 (9):1321.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi; Luxon Nhamo; Tendai Chibarabada; Goden Mabaya; Sylvester Mpandeli; Stanley Liphadzi; Aidan Senzanje; Dhesigen Naidoo; Albert Modi; Pauline Chivenge. 2021. "Assessing Progress towards Sustainable Development Goals through Nexus Planning." Water 13, no. 9: 1321.

Journal article
Published: 29 April 2021 in Agronomy
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Sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) is highly susceptible to weed competition during the early growth stages; hence, intercropping is considered to overcome the weed competition challenge. This study was conducted to determine the performance of sweet sorghum in legume intercropping systems under different weed management pressures. Three cropping systems (sole crop, inter-row, and intra-row intercropping) and three weed management levels (no weeding after crop emergency, ceasing weeding 50 days after crop emergency, and weeding throughout) were tested. Intercropping pattern had a significant (p < 0.05) impact on the plant and the number of leaves per plant, while other treatments remained insignificant during the 2017/18 growing season. During the 2018/19 growing season, the intercropping pattern had a significant (p < 0.05) effect on dry and fresh biomass and plant height at 60 days after emergence. An increase in weeding frequencies reduced Brix (◦Bx). Uncontrolled weed plots had the lowest sweet sorghum dry biomass accumulation, whereas the biomass increased as weeding frequencies increased but remained insignificant as weeding frequencies further increased from 50% to 100% in both seasons. Consequently, SS/DB intra-row intercropping and intermediate weeding are sufficient for optimum SS biomass production and sugar levels.

ACS Style

Conrad Baker; Albert Modi; Adornis Nciizah. Sweet Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) Performance in a Legume Intercropping System under Weed Interference. Agronomy 2021, 11, 877 .

AMA Style

Conrad Baker, Albert Modi, Adornis Nciizah. Sweet Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) Performance in a Legume Intercropping System under Weed Interference. Agronomy. 2021; 11 (5):877.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Conrad Baker; Albert Modi; Adornis Nciizah. 2021. "Sweet Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) Performance in a Legume Intercropping System under Weed Interference." Agronomy 11, no. 5: 877.

Review
Published: 08 March 2021 in Sustainability
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The economic potential of African leafy vegetables (ALVs) remains obscured by a poorly developed value chain. This scoping review assembled and examined scattered knowledge generated on ALVs across southern Africa, focusing on production, processing, marketing, and consumption. Two electronic databases (Scopus and Web of Science) were screened, and a total of 71 relevant studies were included and evaluated. The review provides a state of the art on knowledge related to utilisation of ALVs across the entire value chain. The findings show that functional properties are of prime importance in the production and consumption of ALVs. However, the lack of improved germplasm and a non-existent seed supply system are significant production bottlenecks. Pests and diseases affecting the productivity of ALVs remain mostly unexplored. Sun-drying and boiling were the most reported post-harvest processing methods, suggesting that traditional processing methods are still prominent. Many studies also confirmed the predominance of informal markets in the trading of ALVs as they fail to penetrate formal markets because of poor product positioning and exclusion from produce demand and supply forecasts. The inception of cultivar development, mechanised processing methods, and market linkages will enhance the profitability of ALVs in the region. This review enhances the gaining of insight into the state of different value chain components will assist in upscaling production, value addition of products, and enhance marketing efficiency. There is a great opportunity for basic and applied research into ALVs.

ACS Style

Admire Shayanowako; Oliver Morrissey; Alberto Tanzi; Maud Muchuweti; Guillermina Mendiondo; Sean Mayes; Albert Modi; Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi. African Leafy Vegetables for Improved Human Nutrition and Food System Resilience in Southern Africa: A Scoping Review. Sustainability 2021, 13, 2896 .

AMA Style

Admire Shayanowako, Oliver Morrissey, Alberto Tanzi, Maud Muchuweti, Guillermina Mendiondo, Sean Mayes, Albert Modi, Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi. African Leafy Vegetables for Improved Human Nutrition and Food System Resilience in Southern Africa: A Scoping Review. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (5):2896.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Admire Shayanowako; Oliver Morrissey; Alberto Tanzi; Maud Muchuweti; Guillermina Mendiondo; Sean Mayes; Albert Modi; Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi. 2021. "African Leafy Vegetables for Improved Human Nutrition and Food System Resilience in Southern Africa: A Scoping Review." Sustainability 13, no. 5: 2896.

Journal article
Published: 10 February 2021 in Foods
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Lack of cereal nutritional water productivity (NWP) information disadvantages linkages of nutrition to water–food nexus as staple food crops in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). This study determined the suitability of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) genotypes to alleviate protein, Zn and Fe deficiency under water-scarce dryland conditions through evaluation of NWP. Sorghum genotypes (Macia, Ujiba, PAN8816, IsiZulu) NWP was quantified from three planting seasons for various sorghum seed nutrients under dryland semi-arid conditions. Seasons by genotypes interaction highly and significantly affected NWPStarch, Ca, Cu, Fe, and significantly affected NWPMg, K, Na, P, Zn. Genotypic variations highly and significantly affected sorghum NWPProtein, Mn. Macia exhibited statistically superior NWPprotein (13.2–14.6 kg·m−3) and NWPZn (2.0–2.6 g·m−3) compared to other tested genotypes, while Macia NWPFe (2.6–2.7 g·m−3) was considerably inferior to that of Ujiba and IsiZulu landraces under increased water scarcity. Excellent overall NWPprotein, Fe and Zn under water scarcity make Macia a well-rounded genotype suitable to alleviating food and nutritional insecurity challenges in semi-arid SSA; however, landraces are viable alternatives with limited NWPprotein and Zn penalty under water-limited conditions. These results underline genotype selection as a vital tool in improving “nutrition per drop” in semi-arid regions.

ACS Style

Sandile Hadebe; Albert Modi; Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi. Assessing Suitability of Sorghum to Alleviate Sub-Saharan Nutritional Deficiencies through the Nutritional Water Productivity Index in Semi-Arid Regions. Foods 2021, 10, 385 .

AMA Style

Sandile Hadebe, Albert Modi, Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi. Assessing Suitability of Sorghum to Alleviate Sub-Saharan Nutritional Deficiencies through the Nutritional Water Productivity Index in Semi-Arid Regions. Foods. 2021; 10 (2):385.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sandile Hadebe; Albert Modi; Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi. 2021. "Assessing Suitability of Sorghum to Alleviate Sub-Saharan Nutritional Deficiencies through the Nutritional Water Productivity Index in Semi-Arid Regions." Foods 10, no. 2: 385.

Review
Published: 28 January 2021 in Land
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In agriculture, land use and land classification address questions such as “where”, “why” and “when” a particular crop is grown within a particular agroecology. To date, there are several land suitability analysis (LSA) methods, but there is no consensus on the best method for crop suitability analysis. We conducted a scoping review to evaluate methodological strategies for LSA. Secondary to this, we assessed which of these would be suitable for neglected and underutilised crop species (NUS). The review classified LSA methods reported in articles as traditional (26.6%) and modern (63.4%). Modern approaches, including multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods such as analytical hierarchy process (AHP) (14.9%) and fuzzy methods (12.9%); crop simulation models (9.9%) and machine learning related methods (25.7%) are gaining popularity over traditional methods. The MCDM methods, namely AHP and fuzzy, are commonly applied to LSA while crop models and machine learning related methods are gaining popularity. A total of 67 parameters from climatic, hydrology, soil, socio-economic and landscape properties are essential in LSA. Unavailability and the inclusion of categorical datasets from social sources is a challenge. Using big data and Internet of Things (IoT) improves the accuracy and reliability of LSA methods. The review expects to provide researchers and decision-makers with the most robust methods and standard parameters required in developing LSA for NUS. Qualitative and quantitative approaches must be integrated into unique hybrid land evaluation systems to improve LSA.

ACS Style

Hillary Mugiyo; Vimbayi G. P. Chimonyo; Mbulisi Sibanda; Richard Kunz; Cecilia R. Masemola; Albert T. Modi; Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi. Evaluation of Land Suitability Methods with Reference to Neglected and Underutilised Crop Species: A Scoping Review. Land 2021, 10, 125 .

AMA Style

Hillary Mugiyo, Vimbayi G. P. Chimonyo, Mbulisi Sibanda, Richard Kunz, Cecilia R. Masemola, Albert T. Modi, Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi. Evaluation of Land Suitability Methods with Reference to Neglected and Underutilised Crop Species: A Scoping Review. Land. 2021; 10 (2):125.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hillary Mugiyo; Vimbayi G. P. Chimonyo; Mbulisi Sibanda; Richard Kunz; Cecilia R. Masemola; Albert T. Modi; Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi. 2021. "Evaluation of Land Suitability Methods with Reference to Neglected and Underutilised Crop Species: A Scoping Review." Land 10, no. 2: 125.

Journal article
Published: 26 June 2020 in Agronomy
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African leafy vegetables (ALVs) are nutrient dense and can contribute to crop and dietary diversity, especially in water-stressed environments. However, research on their productivity under limited water availability remains scant. The objective of the study was to evaluate growth, physiology and yield responses of three ALVs (Vigna unguiculata, Corchorus. Olitorius and Amaranthus cruentus) and a reference vegetable (Beta vulgaris var. cicla) to varying water regimes [30%, 60% and 100% of crop water requirement (ETc)]. Field trials using a randomised complete block design, replicated three times, were conducted over two summer seasons, 2015/16 and 2016/17. Leaf number, plant height, chlorophyll content index (CCI), chlorophyll fluorescence (CF), and yield were measured in situ. For A. cruentus and C. olitorius, water stress (30% ETc) was shown to produce a lower yield, although leaf number, plant height and chlorophyll content index were unaffected, while for B. vulgaris, leaf number and yield were reduced by water stress. For V. unguiculata, CF, CCI, plant height, leaf number, and yield were not affected by water stress, indicating its suitability for production in water scarce environments. Using 60% ETc was suitable for the production of A. cruentus, C. olitorius and B. vulgaris var. cicla, whereas 30% ETc is recommended for V. unguiculata. The yield results of V. unguiculata indicate that it performs better, while the yield of A. cruentus and C. olitorius is comparable to that of B. vulgaris under similar conditions, indicating potential for marginal production.

ACS Style

Innocent Maseko; Bhekumthetho Ncube; Samson Tesfay; Melake Fessehazion; Albert Thembinkosi Modi; Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi. Productivity of Selected African Leafy Vegetables under Varying Water Regimes. Agronomy 2020, 10, 916 .

AMA Style

Innocent Maseko, Bhekumthetho Ncube, Samson Tesfay, Melake Fessehazion, Albert Thembinkosi Modi, Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi. Productivity of Selected African Leafy Vegetables under Varying Water Regimes. Agronomy. 2020; 10 (6):916.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Innocent Maseko; Bhekumthetho Ncube; Samson Tesfay; Melake Fessehazion; Albert Thembinkosi Modi; Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi. 2020. "Productivity of Selected African Leafy Vegetables under Varying Water Regimes." Agronomy 10, no. 6: 916.

Review
Published: 21 June 2020 in Foods
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In many poorer parts of the world, biofortification is a strategy that increases the concentration of target nutrients in staple food crops, mainly by genetic manipulation, to alleviate prevalent nutrient deficiencies. We reviewed the (i) prevalence of vitamin A, iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) deficiencies; (ii) availability of vitamin A, iron and Zn biofortified crops, and their acceptability in South Africa. The incidence of vitamin A and iron deficiency among children below five years old is 43.6% and 11%, respectively, while the risk of Zn deficiency is 45.3% among children aged 1 to 9 years. Despite several strategies being implemented to address the problem, including supplementation and commercial fortification, the prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies is still high. Biofortification has resulted in the large-scale availability of βcarotene-rich orange-fleshed sweet potatoes (OFSP), while provitamin A biofortified maize and Zn and/or iron biofortified common beans are at development stages. Agronomic biofortification is being investigated to enhance yields and concentrations of target nutrients in crops grown in agriculturally marginal environments. The consumer acceptability of OFSP and provitamin A biofortified maize were higher among children compared to adults. Accelerating the development of other biofortified staple crops to increase their availability, especially to the target population groups, is essential. Nutrition education should be integrated with community health programmes to improve the consumption of the biofortified crops, coupled with further research to develop suitable recipes/formulations for biofortified foods.

ACS Style

Muthulisi Siwela; Kirthee Pillay; Laurencia Govender; Shenelle Lottering; Fhatuwani N. Mudau; Albert T. Modi; Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi. Biofortified Crops for Combating Hidden Hunger in South Africa: Availability, Acceptability, Micronutrient Retention and Bioavailability. Foods 2020, 9, 815 .

AMA Style

Muthulisi Siwela, Kirthee Pillay, Laurencia Govender, Shenelle Lottering, Fhatuwani N. Mudau, Albert T. Modi, Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi. Biofortified Crops for Combating Hidden Hunger in South Africa: Availability, Acceptability, Micronutrient Retention and Bioavailability. Foods. 2020; 9 (6):815.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Muthulisi Siwela; Kirthee Pillay; Laurencia Govender; Shenelle Lottering; Fhatuwani N. Mudau; Albert T. Modi; Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi. 2020. "Biofortified Crops for Combating Hidden Hunger in South Africa: Availability, Acceptability, Micronutrient Retention and Bioavailability." Foods 9, no. 6: 815.

Journal article
Published: 09 June 2020 in Sustainability
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Population increase is exacerbating resource insecurities due to increased demand for already depleted resources. Coupled with climate change, they are the main drivers of both intra- (rural-urban and urban-urban) and inter-migration (from one country to the other). We carried out a systematic review of literature, focusing on available options to ensure water and food security, as well as improve the socio-economic environment, highlighting the drivers of migration in southern Africa. The aim was to develop informed adaptation strategies and build resilience in the advent of accelerated migration. We developed a migration conceptual framework based on the nexus between water, food and socio-economic interlinkages. Urban areas in southern Africa are under immense pressure to accommodate climate refugees from resource stressed rural areas, a situation that is impacting on agricultural production. Most urban areas are exceeding their ecological thresholds to support the built environment, causing some socio-ecological challenges. Nexus planning can inform adaptation planning on permissible migration that are aligned with regional goals such as regional integration, poverty reduction and improved livelihoods. This would also contribute to the region’s achievements of the Sustainable Development Goals. Furthermore, through the identification of synergies and trade-offs, nexus planning can inform regional adaptation strategies for positively managing migration leading to sustainable outcomes.

ACS Style

Sylvester Mpandeli; Luxon Nhamo; Sithabile Hlahla; Dhesigen Naidoo; Stanley Liphadzi; Albert Thembinkosi Modi; Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi. Migration under Climate Change in Southern Africa: A Nexus Planning Perspective. Sustainability 2020, 12, 4722 .

AMA Style

Sylvester Mpandeli, Luxon Nhamo, Sithabile Hlahla, Dhesigen Naidoo, Stanley Liphadzi, Albert Thembinkosi Modi, Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi. Migration under Climate Change in Southern Africa: A Nexus Planning Perspective. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (11):4722.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sylvester Mpandeli; Luxon Nhamo; Sithabile Hlahla; Dhesigen Naidoo; Stanley Liphadzi; Albert Thembinkosi Modi; Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi. 2020. "Migration under Climate Change in Southern Africa: A Nexus Planning Perspective." Sustainability 12, no. 11: 4722.

Journal article
Published: 15 April 2020 in Agronomy
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Nutrient-poor soils coupled with micronutrient deficiency among many rural resource-poor communities remain a challenge in sub-Saharan Africa. Nutrient-poor soils can be managed through various soil amendment or fertilisation strategies. Micronutrients can be supplied through plants. The study was aimed at determining the symbiotic nitrogen fixation of cowpea as well as the contribution of inter-cropping under varying levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) fertilisation. In addition, the amount of micronutrients supplied by cowpea and amaranth were determined. The experiment was laid out in a 2 × 4 factorial treatment structure in a completely randomised design, with inter-cropping (cowpea and amaranth) and fertiliser (control, 25%, 50%, and 100% of the recommended NPK levels) as treatment factors with four replications. Symbiotic N2 fixation of cowpea decreased from 341–448 kgN.ha−1 to 77–91 kgN.ha−1 for the first year and 557–227 kgN.ha−1 to 92−164 kgN.ha−1 for the second year with fertilisation. The iron and zinc nutritional yield increased (61–210 g.ha−1 for first year and 304–867 g.ha−1, for second year), proportional to fertiliser application to both crops. The research shows the benefits of leguminous crops in soil nutrient fertility and inorganic fertilisation with inter-cropping in managing micronutrient deficiency to meet the nutritional needs of rural communities.

ACS Style

Buhlebelive Mndzebele; Bhekumthetho Ncube; Melvin Nyathi; Sheku Alfred Kanu; Melake Fessehazion; Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi; Stephen Amoo; Albert Thembinkosi Modi. Nitrogen Fixation and Nutritional Yield of Cowpea-Amaranth Intercrop. Agronomy 2020, 10, 565 .

AMA Style

Buhlebelive Mndzebele, Bhekumthetho Ncube, Melvin Nyathi, Sheku Alfred Kanu, Melake Fessehazion, Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi, Stephen Amoo, Albert Thembinkosi Modi. Nitrogen Fixation and Nutritional Yield of Cowpea-Amaranth Intercrop. Agronomy. 2020; 10 (4):565.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Buhlebelive Mndzebele; Bhekumthetho Ncube; Melvin Nyathi; Sheku Alfred Kanu; Melake Fessehazion; Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi; Stephen Amoo; Albert Thembinkosi Modi. 2020. "Nitrogen Fixation and Nutritional Yield of Cowpea-Amaranth Intercrop." Agronomy 10, no. 4: 565.

Journal article
Published: 06 January 2020 in Agronomy
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Low available soil phosphorus (P) is associated with its immobility, which renders it unavailable for plant uptake. In addition, farmers normally apply inorganic fertilisers to legumes to activate soil-bound phosphorus using root exudates. Sufficient soil mineral nutrition is key to sustainable crop production, and hence food and nutritional security. The aim of this study was to quantify the acid and alkaline phosphatase activity as an indicator of P supply and availability under varying levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) fertilization and different cropping systems. An intercropping (cowpea and amaranth) and fertiliser (control, 25%, 50%, and 100% of the recommended NPK levels) field trial was laid out in a 2 × 4 factorial treatment structure in a completely randomized design (CRD) with four replications. There was higher acid and alkaline phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere of cowpea and amaranth grown as sole crops compared to those from intercropping. The cowpea and amaranth plants grown without fertiliser or 25% NPK had the highest rhizospheric phosphatase activity, while 100% NPK application exhibited the least. The markedly higher phosphatase activity from the low fertiliser application treatments indicates the possible stimulation of microbial activity to supplement P demands for the crops. The study revealed that the application of lower rates inorganic fertilisers in a legume intercrop stimulates the activity of the phosphatase enzymes, which can subsequently liberate soil-bound phosphorus. Plant tissue phosphorus concentration of cowpea and amaranth plants increased proportionately to the increase in fertiliser application up to 50% of the recommended NPK level. The land equivalent ratio (LER) was greater than 1, indicating that it is more beneficial to intercrop cowpea and amaranth as opposed to growing them as sole crops. Overall, the application of NPK fertilizer to amounts of up to 50%, based on the results of this study, appear to be better than 100% in terms of biomass accumulation and phosphate activity.

ACS Style

Buhlebelive Mndzebele; Bhekumthetho Ncube; Melake Fessehazion; Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi; Stephen Amoo; Christian Du Plooy; Sonja Venter; Albert Modi. Effects of Cowpea-Amaranth Intercropping and Fertiliser Application on Soil Phosphatase Activities, Available Soil Phosphorus, and Crop Growth Response. Agronomy 2020, 10, 79 .

AMA Style

Buhlebelive Mndzebele, Bhekumthetho Ncube, Melake Fessehazion, Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi, Stephen Amoo, Christian Du Plooy, Sonja Venter, Albert Modi. Effects of Cowpea-Amaranth Intercropping and Fertiliser Application on Soil Phosphatase Activities, Available Soil Phosphorus, and Crop Growth Response. Agronomy. 2020; 10 (1):79.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Buhlebelive Mndzebele; Bhekumthetho Ncube; Melake Fessehazion; Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi; Stephen Amoo; Christian Du Plooy; Sonja Venter; Albert Modi. 2020. "Effects of Cowpea-Amaranth Intercropping and Fertiliser Application on Soil Phosphatase Activities, Available Soil Phosphorus, and Crop Growth Response." Agronomy 10, no. 1: 79.

Online first articles
Published: 06 September 2019 in South African Journal of Plant and Soil
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Vernonia [Centrapalus pauciflorus (Willd.) H.Rob.] is a novel industrial oilseed crop that can be used to produce vernolic acid, a naturally epoxidised fatty acid. The study objective was to determine whether ethyl methylsulphonate (EMS) mutagenesis significantly altered seed oil content and fatty acid compositions in selected vernonia accessions. Seeds were harvested from mutant plants with and without visual chlorophyll mutations from the Vge-1 and Vge-4 vernonia accessions, subjected to seed oil content and fatty acid composition analyses and compared with untreated controls. Visual chlorophyll mutations confirmed EMS mutation in harvested plants. Ethyl methylsulphonate mutagenesis significantly reduced vernolic acid composition, and significantly increased linoleic, oleic, palmitic, stearic and arachidic acid composition in the Vge-1 accession. In Vge-4, palmitic acid composition was significantly increased. Results obtained suggested that the effect of EMS mutagenesis on fatty acid composition in vernonia could be accession-specific and influenced by mutation level. The significant but negative association between vernolic acid and other fatty acids indicates that there is potential to increase vernolic acid while at the same time reducing the contents of other fatty acids through EMS mutagenesis in vernonia. There is a need to assess EMS mutagenesis impact on seed oil over successive generations to confirm results from this study.

ACS Style

Sandile Hadebe; Albert T Modi; Arno Hugo; Hussein A Shimelis. Seed oil content and fatty acid composition response to ethyl methanesulphonate mutagenesis in vernonia. South African Journal of Plant and Soil 2019, 36, 375 -380.

AMA Style

Sandile Hadebe, Albert T Modi, Arno Hugo, Hussein A Shimelis. Seed oil content and fatty acid composition response to ethyl methanesulphonate mutagenesis in vernonia. South African Journal of Plant and Soil. 2019; 36 (5):375-380.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sandile Hadebe; Albert T Modi; Arno Hugo; Hussein A Shimelis. 2019. "Seed oil content and fatty acid composition response to ethyl methanesulphonate mutagenesis in vernonia." South African Journal of Plant and Soil 36, no. 5: 375-380.

Journal article
Published: 18 August 2019 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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About 60% of southern Africa's population lives in rural areas with limited access to basic services and amenities such as clean and safe water, affordable and clean energy, and balanced and nutritious diets. Resource scarcity has direct and indirect impacts on nutrition, human health, and well-being of mostly poor rural communities. Climate change impacts in the region are manifesting through low crop yields, upsurge of vector borne diseases (malaria and dengue fever), and water and food-borne diseases (cholera and diarrhoea). This study applied a water-energy-food (WEF) nexus analytical livelihoods model with complex systems understanding to assess rural livelihoods, health, and well-being in southern Africa, recommending tailor-made adaptation strategies for the region aimed at building resilient rural communities. The WEF nexus is a decision support tool that improves rural livelihoods through integrated resource distribution, planning, and management, and ensures inclusive socio-economic transformation and development, and addresses related sustainable development goals, particularly goals 2, 3, 6 and 7. The integrated WEF nexus index for the region was calculated at 0.145, which is marginally sustainable, and indicating the region's exposure to vulnerabilities, and reveals a major reason why the region fails to meet its developmental targets. The integrated relationship among WEF resources in southern Africa shows an imbalance and uneven resource allocation, utilisation and distribution, which normally results from a 'siloed' approach in resource management. The WEF nexus provides better adaptation options, as it guides decision making processes by identifying priority areas needing intervention, enhancing synergies, and minimising trade-offs necessary for resilient rural communities. Our results identified (i) the trade-offs and unintended negative consequences for poor rural households' livelihoods of current silo approaches, (ii) mechanisms for sustainably enhancing household water, energy and food security, whilst (iii) providing direction for achieving SDGs 2, 3, 6 and 7.

ACS Style

Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi; Luxon Nhamo; Sylvester Mpandeli; Charles Nhemachena; Aidan Senzanje; Nafisa Sobratee; Pauline Paidamoyo Chivenge; Rob Slotow; Dhesigen Naidoo; Stanley Liphadzi; Albert Thembinkosi Modi. The Water-Energy-Food Nexus as a Tool to Transform Rural Livelihoods and Well-Being in Southern Africa. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019, 16, 2970 .

AMA Style

Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi, Luxon Nhamo, Sylvester Mpandeli, Charles Nhemachena, Aidan Senzanje, Nafisa Sobratee, Pauline Paidamoyo Chivenge, Rob Slotow, Dhesigen Naidoo, Stanley Liphadzi, Albert Thembinkosi Modi. The Water-Energy-Food Nexus as a Tool to Transform Rural Livelihoods and Well-Being in Southern Africa. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16 (16):2970.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi; Luxon Nhamo; Sylvester Mpandeli; Charles Nhemachena; Aidan Senzanje; Nafisa Sobratee; Pauline Paidamoyo Chivenge; Rob Slotow; Dhesigen Naidoo; Stanley Liphadzi; Albert Thembinkosi Modi. 2019. "The Water-Energy-Food Nexus as a Tool to Transform Rural Livelihoods and Well-Being in Southern Africa." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 16: 2970.

Journal article
Published: 12 July 2019 in Nutrients
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Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is prevalent in South Africa, particularly among predominantly poor rural communities. Provitamin A (PVA)-biofortified crops could be used to address VAD; however, there are challenges of poor consumer acceptability. This study investigated the effect of replacing white maize and cream-fleshed sweet potato (CFSP) with PVA-biofortified maize and orange-fleshed sweet potato (OFSP), respectively, on consumer acceptability and perceptions of traditional dishes of rural communities in South Africa. Consumer acceptability of PVA-biofortified phutu (a crumbly maize porridge) served with either curried cabbage, chicken or bambara groundnut, separately, and boiled OFSP was evaluated by black South African adults (n = 120) using a five-point facial hedonic scale. Focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted with 56 subjects recruited from the consumer panel to assess consumer perceptions of the food samples. The majority of the participants rated the composite dishes containing PVA-biofortified phutu as “4 = good” and the acceptability of the composite dishes varied significantly (p < 0.05). Compared to other age groups, the 50–59-year age group showed higher preference for white phutu and chicken curry, whereas the 30–39-year age group showed higher preference for PVA-biofortified phutu and chicken curry. The acceptability of OFSP and CFSP was similar. The study participants showed positive perceptions of the OFSP, as well as PVA-biofortified phutu if served with either curried chicken or cabbage. The findings suggest that PVA-biofortified maize and OFSP can replace white maize and CFSP, respectively, in selected traditional dishes of the rural communities studied to alleviate VAD.

ACS Style

Laurencia Govender; Kirthee Pillay; Muthulisi Siwela; Albert Thembinkosi Modi; Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi. Consumer Perceptions and Acceptability of Traditional Dishes Prepared with Provitamin A-Biofortified Maize and Sweet Potato. Nutrients 2019, 11, 1577 .

AMA Style

Laurencia Govender, Kirthee Pillay, Muthulisi Siwela, Albert Thembinkosi Modi, Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi. Consumer Perceptions and Acceptability of Traditional Dishes Prepared with Provitamin A-Biofortified Maize and Sweet Potato. Nutrients. 2019; 11 (7):1577.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Laurencia Govender; Kirthee Pillay; Muthulisi Siwela; Albert Thembinkosi Modi; Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi. 2019. "Consumer Perceptions and Acceptability of Traditional Dishes Prepared with Provitamin A-Biofortified Maize and Sweet Potato." Nutrients 11, no. 7: 1577.

Preprint
Published: 29 May 2019
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The missing link between cross-sectoral resource utilisation and management, and full-scale adoption of the water-energy-food (WEF) nexus has been lack of analytical tools to support policy and decision-making. This paper defined WEF nexus sustainability indicators and developed a methodology to calculate composite indices to facilitate WEF nexus performance, monitoring and evaluation. WEF nexus indicators were integrated through the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) in a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM). Data were normalised to determine composite indices. The method established quantitative relationships among WEF nexus sectors to indicate resource utilisation and performance over time, using South Africa as a case study. A spider graph of normalised indices was used to illustrate WEF nexus indicator performance and inter-relationships, providing a synopsis of the level of interactions and inter-connectedness of WEF nexus sectors. The shape of the spider graph is determined by the level of the interdependencies and interactions among the WEF nexus sectors, whose management is viewed either as sustainable or unsustainable depending on the classification of the developed integrated index. The spider graph produced for South Africa shows an over emphasis on food self-sufficiency and water productivity at the expense of other sectors, which results from the sectoral approach in resource management. Although the calculated integrated index of 0.203 for South Africa is classified as lowly sustainable, the emphasis is on the quantitative relationships among the indicators and on how to improve them to achieve sustainability. The developed method provides evidence to decision makers, indicating priority areas for intervention. The analytical model is another niche area for the WEF nexus, as it is now capable to evaluate synergies and trade-offs in a holistic way to improve efficiency and productivity in resource use and management for sustainable development.

ACS Style

Luxon Nhamo; Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi; Sylvester Mpandeli; Charles Nhemachena; Aidan Senzanje; Dhesigen Naidoo; Stanley Liphadzi; Albert T. Modi. Sustainability Indicators and Indices for the Water-Energy-Food Nexus for Performance Assessment: WEF Nexus in Practice – South Africa Case Study. 2019, 1 .

AMA Style

Luxon Nhamo, Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi, Sylvester Mpandeli, Charles Nhemachena, Aidan Senzanje, Dhesigen Naidoo, Stanley Liphadzi, Albert T. Modi. Sustainability Indicators and Indices for the Water-Energy-Food Nexus for Performance Assessment: WEF Nexus in Practice – South Africa Case Study. . 2019; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Luxon Nhamo; Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi; Sylvester Mpandeli; Charles Nhemachena; Aidan Senzanje; Dhesigen Naidoo; Stanley Liphadzi; Albert T. Modi. 2019. "Sustainability Indicators and Indices for the Water-Energy-Food Nexus for Performance Assessment: WEF Nexus in Practice – South Africa Case Study." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 28 May 2019 in Nutrients
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Biofortification of staple crops has a potential for addressing micronutrient deficiencies, such as vitamin A deficiency (VAD), which are prevalent in South Africa. The poor acceptability of provitamin A (PVA)-biofortified foods could be improved by combining them with other food items to produce modified traditional dishes. The nutritional composition of the dishes could also be improved by the modification. The study aimed to investigate the effect of replacing white maize and cream-fleshed sweet potato (CFSP)] with PVA-biofortified maize and orange-fleshed sweet potato (OFSP) on the nutritional composition of South African traditional dishes. The protein, fibre, total mineral (ash), lysine, and iron concentrations of the PVA maize phutu (traditional porridge) composite dishes (control), were not significantly different (P > 0.05) from those of white maize phutu composite dishes. However, the PVA concentration of PVA maize phutu composite dishes was higher than that of the white phutu composite dishes (P > 0.05). The OFSP had a significantly lower protein concentration, but a significantly higher (P > 0.05) fibre, ash, lysine, isoleucine, leucine, and PVA concentration, relative to the CFSP. The findings indicate that composite dishes in which white maize is replaced with PVA-biofortified maize, and switching over from CFSP to OFSP, would contribute to combating VAD in South Africa, and in other developing counties.

ACS Style

Laurencia Govender; Kirthee Pillay; Muthulisi Siwela; Albert Thembinkosi Modi; Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi. Improving the Dietary Vitamin A Content of Rural Communities in South Africa by Replacing Non-Biofortified white Maize and Sweet Potato with Biofortified Maize and Sweet Potato in Traditional Dishes. Nutrients 2019, 11, 1198 .

AMA Style

Laurencia Govender, Kirthee Pillay, Muthulisi Siwela, Albert Thembinkosi Modi, Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi. Improving the Dietary Vitamin A Content of Rural Communities in South Africa by Replacing Non-Biofortified white Maize and Sweet Potato with Biofortified Maize and Sweet Potato in Traditional Dishes. Nutrients. 2019; 11 (6):1198.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Laurencia Govender; Kirthee Pillay; Muthulisi Siwela; Albert Thembinkosi Modi; Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi. 2019. "Improving the Dietary Vitamin A Content of Rural Communities in South Africa by Replacing Non-Biofortified white Maize and Sweet Potato with Biofortified Maize and Sweet Potato in Traditional Dishes." Nutrients 11, no. 6: 1198.

Review
Published: 31 December 2018 in Sustainability
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Business as usual or transformative change? While the global agro-industrial food system is credited with increasing food production, availability and accessibility, it is also credited with giving birth to ‘new’ challenges such as malnutrition, biodiversity loss, and environmental degradation. We reviewed the potential of underutilized indigenous and traditional crops to bring about a transformative change to South Africa’s food system. South Africa has a dichotomous food system, characterized by a distinct, dominant agro-industrial, and, alternative, informal food system. This dichotomous food system has inadvertently undermined the development of smallholder producers. While the dominant agro-industrial food system has led to improvements in food supply, it has also resulted in significant trade-offs with agro-biodiversity, dietary diversity, environmental sustainability, and socio-economic stability, especially amongst the rural poor. This challenges South Africa’s ability to deliver on sustainable and healthy food systems under environmental change. The review proposes a transdisciplinary approach to mainstreaming underutilized indigenous and traditional crops into the food system, which offers real opportunities for developing a sustainable and healthy food system, while, at the same time, achieving societal goals such as employment creation, wellbeing, and environmental sustainability. This process can be initiated by researchers translating existing evidence for informing policy-makers. Similarly, policy-makers need to acknowledge the divergence in the existing policies, and bring about policy convergence in pursuit of a food system which includes smallholder famers, and where underutilized indigenous and traditional crops are mainstreamed into the South African food system.

ACS Style

Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi; Tendai Polite Chibarabada; Vimbayi Grace Petrova Chimonyo; Vongai Gillian Murugani; Laura Maureen Pereira; Nafiisa Sobratee; Laurencia Govender; Rob Slotow; Albert Thembinkosi Modi. Mainstreaming Underutilized Indigenous and Traditional Crops into Food Systems: A South African Perspective. Sustainability 2018, 11, 172 .

AMA Style

Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi, Tendai Polite Chibarabada, Vimbayi Grace Petrova Chimonyo, Vongai Gillian Murugani, Laura Maureen Pereira, Nafiisa Sobratee, Laurencia Govender, Rob Slotow, Albert Thembinkosi Modi. Mainstreaming Underutilized Indigenous and Traditional Crops into Food Systems: A South African Perspective. Sustainability. 2018; 11 (1):172.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi; Tendai Polite Chibarabada; Vimbayi Grace Petrova Chimonyo; Vongai Gillian Murugani; Laura Maureen Pereira; Nafiisa Sobratee; Laurencia Govender; Rob Slotow; Albert Thembinkosi Modi. 2018. "Mainstreaming Underutilized Indigenous and Traditional Crops into Food Systems: A South African Perspective." Sustainability 11, no. 1: 172.

Review
Published: 19 December 2018 in Water
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Increasing agricultural productivity has always been a prominent feature on the regional agenda due to a high incidence of food and nutrition insecurity. This review assessed the current status of irrigated agriculture in southern Africa from a water–energy–food (WEF) nexus perspective. Gaps and opportunities for improving irrigated agriculture within the context of the WEF nexus were also assessed in terms of the feasible limits to which they can be exploited. Southern Africa faces water scarcity, and climate projections show that member states will face increased physical and/or economic water scarcity by as early as 2025, which will have negative impacts on water, energy and food production. Recurrent droughts experienced across the region reaffirm the sensitive issues of food and energy insecurity as well as water scarcity. Projections of an increasing population within the region indicate increased water, energy and food demand. With agriculture already accounting for about 70% of water withdrawals, increasing the area under irrigation will place additional demand on already strained energy grids and scarce water resources. This poses the question—is increasing irrigated agriculture a solution to improving water access, food security and energy supply? While there are prospects for increasing the area under irrigation and subsequent improvement in agricultural productivity, adopting a WEF nexus approach in doing so would mitigate trade-offs and unintended consequences. Consideration of the WEF nexus in integrated resources planning and management eliminates the possibilities of transferring problems from one sector to other, as it manages synergies and trade-offs. While it is acknowledged that improving water productivity in irrigated agriculture could reduce water and energy use while increasing yield output, there is a need to decide how such savings would then be reallocated. Any intervention to increase the irrigated area should be done in the context of a WEF nexus analytical framework to guide policy and decision-making. Technical planning should evolve around the WEF nexus approach in setting targets, as WEF nexus indicators would reveal the performance and impact of proposed interventions on any of the three WEF nexus components.

ACS Style

Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi; Sylvester Mpandeli; Luxon Nhamo; Vimbayi G. P. Chimonyo; Charles Nhemachena; Aidan Senzanje; Dhesigen Naidoo; Albert T Modi. Prospects for Improving Irrigated Agriculture in Southern Africa: Linking Water, Energy and Food. Water 2018, 10, 1881 .

AMA Style

Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi, Sylvester Mpandeli, Luxon Nhamo, Vimbayi G. P. Chimonyo, Charles Nhemachena, Aidan Senzanje, Dhesigen Naidoo, Albert T Modi. Prospects for Improving Irrigated Agriculture in Southern Africa: Linking Water, Energy and Food. Water. 2018; 10 (12):1881.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi; Sylvester Mpandeli; Luxon Nhamo; Vimbayi G. P. Chimonyo; Charles Nhemachena; Aidan Senzanje; Dhesigen Naidoo; Albert T Modi. 2018. "Prospects for Improving Irrigated Agriculture in Southern Africa: Linking Water, Energy and Food." Water 10, no. 12: 1881.