Transition metal-based electrode materials—particularly oxides (TMOs) and sulfides (TMSs)—have emerged as pivotal candidates for enhancing supercapacitor (SC) performance, addressing critical limitations in energy density, power density, and cycle stability. This comprehensive review systematically explores recent advancements in innovative TMO electrodes, including MnO₂, NiO, ZnO, Co₃O₄, VO_x, and RuO₂, and TMS electrodes including binary/ternary sulfides (e.g., NiCo₂S₄ and CoMoS₄). Key fabrication techniques, such as sol–gel processing, electrodeposition, hydrothermal synthesis, and chemical vapor deposition, are evaluated for their role in tailoring the material morphologies (e.g., nanosheets and core–shell heterostructures) and optimizing the electrochemical properties. The synergistic effects in hybrid composites (e.g., rGO/NiO-Mn₂O₃ and CNT@MnO₂) significantly enhance the conductivity, ion diffusion, and faradaic redox activity, achieving remarkable specific capacitance (up to 1529 F g⁻¹ for ZnO@Ni₃S₂) and retention rates (e.g., 91% over 500 cycles for NiO-Mn₂O₃@rGO). This review further contrasts TMOs and TMSs, highlighting the latter's superior electrical conductivity and reversible kinetics while noting the challenges in synthesis scalability and stability. Critical challenges, including low energy density, manufacturing costs, and industrial standardization, are discussed alongside future directions, such as flexible/wearable SCs, intelligent devices, and sustainable material design. This work underscores the transformative potential of transition metal-based electrodes in bridging the performance gap between capacitors and batteries, paving the way for next-generation energy storage systems.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), a material known for its multifunctionality, chemical stability, and high surface area, are now commonly utilized as an adsorbent for water treatment. The MOF (MIL-88(Fe)-NH₂) was synthesized and used to remove the commonly used toxic herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) from water. The MIL-88(Fe)-NH₂ MOF was fully characterized using multiple techniques. A systematic investigation was conducted to evaluate the key parameters that impact the adsorption process, which include coexisting anions, adsorbent dosage, and solution pH. The adsorption isotherm was fitted using the Langmuir model, while the kinetics were fitted using pseudo-second-order. The adsorption process was both chemisorption and endothermic. The capacity for adsorption increased with rising temperatures. The MIL-88(Fe)-NH₂ adsorbent has a maximum adsorption capacity of 345.25 mg g^-1 for removing 2,4-D, significantly higher than previous adsorbents used for this purpose. The adsorption mechanism could be ascribed to hydrogen bonding, pore filling, π-π conjugations between the 2,4-D molecules and the MIL-88(Fe)-NH₂ adsorbent, and electrostatic interactions. Furthermore, the adsorption capacity of MIL-88(Fe)-NH₂ adsorbent showed only a slight decrease after five successive recycles, and it could be easily regenerated through solvent washing. When used in environmental water samples, especially those containing electronic wastes, the MIL-88(Fe)-NH₂ adsorbent demonstrated satisfactory adsorption capacity and reusability. The MIL-88(Fe)-NH₂ adsorbent is more practical and reusable and has better adsorption capacity and shorter equilibrium time compared to previously reported adsorbents.

Tannery industries are one of the extensive industrial activities which are the major source of chromium contamination in the environment. Chromium contamination has been an increasing threat to the environment and human health. Therefore, the removal of chromium ions is necessary to save human society. This study is oriented toward the preparation of a new triazole Schiff base derivatives for the remediation of chromium ions. 4,4′-((1E)-1,2-bis ((1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl) imino)ethane-1,2-diyl) diphenol was prepared by the interaction between 3-Amino-1H-1,2,4-triazole and 4,4′-Dihydroxybenzil. Then, the produced Schiff base underwent a phosphorylation reaction to produce the adsorbent (TIHP), which confirmed its structure via the different tools FTIR, TGA, ¹HNMR, ¹³CNMR, GC-MS, and Phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance (³¹P-NMR). The newly synthesized adsorbent (TIHP) was used to remove chromium oxyanions (Cr(VI)) from an aqueous solution. The batch technique was used to test many controlling factors, including the pH of the working aqueous solution, the amount of adsorbent dose, the initial concentration of Cr(VI), the interaction time, and the temperature. The desorption behaviour of Cr(VI) changes when it is exposed to the suggested foreign ions. The maximum adsorption capacity for Cr(VI) adsorption on the new adsorbent was 307.07 mg/g at room temperature. Freundlich’s isotherm model fits the adsorption isotherms perfectly. The kinetic results were well-constrained by the pseudo-second-order equation. The thermodynamic studies establish that the adsorption type was exothermic and naturally spontaneous.

Hydrogen production is produced for future green energy. The radiation–chemical yield for seawater without a catalyst, with Zr, and with Zr1%Nb (Zr = 99% Nb = 1%) were (G(H₂) = 0.81, 307.1, and 437.4 molecules/100 eV, respectively. The radiation–thermal water decomposition increased in γ-radiation of the Zr1%Nb + SW system with increasing temperature. At T = 1273 K, it prevails over radiation processes. During the radiation and heat radiation heterogeneous procedures in the Zr1% Nb + SW system, the production of surface energetic sites and secondary electrons accelerated the accumulation of molecular hydrogen and Zr1%Nb oxidation. Thermal radiation and thermal processes caused the metal phase to collect thermal surface energetic sites for water breakdown and Zr 1%Nb oxidation starting at T = 573 K.