Pre-pregnancy body mass index (pBMI) is a predictor of gestational weight gain (GWG). However, other factors, such as adipokines and inflammation markers, may also be associated with GWG. The aim of the study was to determine the association of leptin, adiponectin, irisin, and C-reactive protein, with GWG in adolescents. A longitudinal study was conducted from 2018 to 2023 in adolescents with a clinically healthy pregnancy. The assessments included sociodemographic and clinical data, pBMI, percent of body fat, serum concentrations of leptin, adiponectin, irisin, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), and total GWG adequacy. Cox regression models were performed, the outcome variables were inadequate and excessive GWG. In 198 participants, being overweight/obesity was marginally associated with a protective effect against inadequate GWG (HR = 0.44, 95%CI = 0.18–1.06), regardless of maternal characteristics and adipokines. Leptin (HR = 1.014, 95%CI = 1.008–1.021), and body fat percent (HR = 1.11, 95%CI = 1.05–1.17) were associated with a higher risk of excessive GWG, independent of other maternal variables such as pBMI, while adiponectin was associated with a lower risk. These findings suggest that, in Mexican adolescents, adipose tissue and its adipokines during pregnancy may play a more significant role in the final GWG than body weight.

Apheresis allows the collection of specific blood components but changes serum calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and hormones involved in bone metabolism due to citrate infusion. We assessed the effect of oral supplementation of calcium, vitamin D, and minerals as pills or an enriched diet before plateletpheresis donation on levels of divalent cations, hormones, and bone turnover markers that may prevent metabolic changes. Methods: Non-randomized controlled study including 134 donors. Serum parathyroid hormone (PTH), Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu, osteocalcin (OC), vitamin D, and type-1 collagen C-terminal telopeptide (CTX-1) levels were measured at baseline and post-procedure. Donors were divided into four groups: supplemented with calcium carbonate and vitamin D (cal + vitd); those receiving calcium, minerals, and vitamin D (cal + vitd + min); those receiving a calcium-rich diet (diet) and a control group (control). Results: PTH levels increased >1-fold, whereas tCa, tMg, Zn, Cu, iCa, iMg, and vitamin D levels decreased immediately after apheresis amongst donors of any group; when these levels were measured two weeks later, donors in the calcium-vitd and cal + vitd + min groups returned to basal values; donors in the cal + vitd + min group were the only group that kept their levels of OC and CTX unchanged at the different study times. Conclusions: Bone turnover markers changes induced by plateletpheresis may be minimized with oral supplementation of calcium, minerals, and vitamin D two days before the procedures.

Background: Apheresis procedures and the infusion of acid‐citrate‐dextrose induce metabolic alterations that may influence glucose metabolism. Although insulin resistance (IR), overweight, and obesity are not exclusion criteria for blood donation, their impact during apheresis procedure and on post‐donation metabolic responses remains insufficiently characterized.Study Design and Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted with plateletpheresis donors approved by the IRB. Blood samples were collected at three time points: pre‐donation, immediately post‐donation, and 90 min post‐meal for biochemical and hormonal profiling. Donors consumed a supervised post‐donation meal (415 kcal) within 30 min. IR was assessed using the Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA‐IR), while overweight and obesity were evaluated through body mass index (BMI). Multiple linear regression models were adjusted based on directed acyclic graphs.Results: A total of 108 plateletpheresis donors were included. Post‐donation, all donors exhibited significant increases in glucose, insulin, and C‐peptide levels, with changes up to threefold higher in donors with IR, overweight, or obesity (p < .001). Mineral chelation occurred universally, independent of HOMA‐IR or BMI status. Donors without IR or those with normal weight achieved baseline glucose levels following the post‐donation meal. Linear regression analysis revealed that post‐donation glucose changes were comparable to those induced by the 415‐kcal meal.Conclusion: Donors with IR, overweight, or obesity are at risk of experiencing disruptions in glucose and insulin levels, for which recovery times remain unknown. Therefore, they require assessment and education regarding potential metabolic alterations associated with the apheresis procedure.

Total body water (TBW) undergoes substantial physiological expansion during pregnancy, reflecting coordinated cardiovascular, renal, and endocrine adaptations required to support maternal metabolism, uteroplacental perfusion, and fetal growth. These changes involve not only an overall increase in body water but also shifts in the distribution of extracellular water (ECW) and intracellular water (ICW), which influence maternal body composition, the interpretation of biochemical biomarkers affected by hemodilution, and pregnancy-related clinical outcomes. Despite its physiological and clinical relevance, the regulation and assessment of body-water compartments during pregnancy remain insufficiently integrated within nutritional and clinical research. This narrative review synthesizes current knowledge on the physiological regulation of TBW and its compartments across gestation and provides a critical analysis of the methodological approaches used to assess body-water distribution in pregnant populations. We review the mechanisms underlying plasma volume expansion, interstitial fluid accumulation, and tissue hydration, and discuss their implications for fetal growth, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, and gestational diabetes mellitus. We also examine the principles, strengths, and limitations of the main techniques used to assess TBW and body-water compartments during pregnancy. Isotope dilution using stable isotopes (²H₂O and H₂¹⁸O) remains the reference method for TBW assessment, whereas bioelectrical impedance-based approaches, including bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (BIS), and bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA), offer practical alternatives for longitudinal monitoring of fluid redistribution during gestation. By integrating physiological and methodological perspectives, this review provides a framework for understanding body-water dynamics during pregnancy and for selecting appropriate approaches to assess maternal body composition and hydration.