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Dr. LEI ZHU
Department of Construction and Real Estate, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China, 211189

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Research Keywords & Expertise

0 Project finance and public–private partnerships (ppps)
0 Modular and offsite construction
0 Project management strategies and innovations for green construction project
0 Externalities of infrastructure project
0 Project performance assessment and improvement

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Research article
Published: 30 November 2020 in Complexity
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Construction schedules play an important role in construction project management. However, during construction activities, risks may arise due to unexpected schedule changes, resulting in the ineffective delivery of projects. This study aims to reveal the law of schedule change risk propagation and to analyze the effects on the risk propagation through numerical simulations. First, construction projects are represented by activity-on-node (AON) networks. A model of risk propagation is then built based on a susceptible-infected (SI) model considering the effects of the nodal characteristics on the propagation process. Next, the model is tested on a real-world project to examine cascading failures with varying parameters. The experimental results demonstrate that the model is effective in identifying the activities most capable of affecting a project schedule and evaluating the impact of schedule change risk propagation. This study will provide a basis for enhancing the robustness of AON networks and controlling the propagation of schedule change risks.

ACS Style

Yusi Cheng; Jingfeng Yuan; Lei Zhu; Wei Li. Risk Propagation Model and Simulation of Schedule Change in Construction Projects: A Complex Network Approach. Complexity 2020, 2020, 1 -12.

AMA Style

Yusi Cheng, Jingfeng Yuan, Lei Zhu, Wei Li. Risk Propagation Model and Simulation of Schedule Change in Construction Projects: A Complex Network Approach. Complexity. 2020; 2020 ():1-12.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yusi Cheng; Jingfeng Yuan; Lei Zhu; Wei Li. 2020. "Risk Propagation Model and Simulation of Schedule Change in Construction Projects: A Complex Network Approach." Complexity 2020, no. : 1-12.

Journal article
Published: 29 November 2020 in Applied Sciences
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Buildings have been an important energy consuming sector, and inefficient controlling of lights can result in wastage of energy in buildings. The aim of the study is to reduce energy consumption by implementing a smart lighting system that integrates sensor technologies, a distributed wireless sensor network (WSN) using ZigBee protocol, and illumination control rules. A sensing module consists of occupancy sensors, including passive infrared (PIR) sensors and microwave Doppler sensors, an ambient light sensor, and lighting control rules. The dimming level of each luminaire is controlled by rules taking into consideration occupancy and daylight harvesting. The performance of the proposed system is evaluated in two scenarios, a metro station and an office room, and the average energy savings are about 45% and 36%, respectively. The effects of different factors on energy savings are analyzed, including people flow density, weather, desired illuminance, and the number of people in a room. Experimental results demonstrate the robustness of the proposed system and its ability to save energy consumption. The study can benefit the development of intelligent and sustainable buildings.

ACS Style

Yusi Cheng; Chen Fang; Jingfeng Yuan; Lei Zhu. Design and Application of a Smart Lighting System Based on Distributed Wireless Sensor Networks. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 8545 .

AMA Style

Yusi Cheng, Chen Fang, Jingfeng Yuan, Lei Zhu. Design and Application of a Smart Lighting System Based on Distributed Wireless Sensor Networks. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (23):8545.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yusi Cheng; Chen Fang; Jingfeng Yuan; Lei Zhu. 2020. "Design and Application of a Smart Lighting System Based on Distributed Wireless Sensor Networks." Applied Sciences 10, no. 23: 8545.

Review
Published: 21 February 2020 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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In recent years, smart city (SC) has attracted increasing attention from both academia and industry due to a mix of urbanization, informatization, and globalization. Although several literature reviews of SC research have been conducted, there still appears to be a lack of systematic quantitative and visual investigation and multidisciplinary scrutiny of the structure and evolution of this field. This paper conducts a scientometric review of the progressively synthesized network derived from 7840 bibliographic records from a topic search on SC in the period 1990–2019. Using CiteSpace, co-occurrence analysis of categories is conducted to explore the evolution of the disciplines engaged in SC research; co-word analysis of the keywords and document co-citation analysis associated with cluster analysis are further performed to reveal the development paths and research topics in terms of burst terms, text and citation-based clusters, citation structure, and pivotal points in the field. These scientometric techniques are combined to: (1) reveal the intellectual division of this developing field using a visual and comprehensive approach, (2) identify in chronological order the 10 core research sub-topics in this area with burst references and terms, (3) identify Internet of Things, big data, and fog computing as the most promising technologies for SC planning and development, and (4) conclude that smart sustainable cities and sustainable smart cities are the two emerging trends in the domain. Overall, this paper provides a visual, quantitative, and longitudinal large-scale review of the most recent literature on SC research, providing a broad overview and system thinking for researchers and practitioners with respect to SC.

ACS Style

Chuanjun Zheng; Jingfeng Yuan; Lei Zhu; Yajing Zhang; Qiuhu Shao. From digital to sustainable: A scientometric review of smart city literature between 1990 and 2019. Journal of Cleaner Production 2020, 258, 120689 .

AMA Style

Chuanjun Zheng, Jingfeng Yuan, Lei Zhu, Yajing Zhang, Qiuhu Shao. From digital to sustainable: A scientometric review of smart city literature between 1990 and 2019. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2020; 258 ():120689.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chuanjun Zheng; Jingfeng Yuan; Lei Zhu; Yajing Zhang; Qiuhu Shao. 2020. "From digital to sustainable: A scientometric review of smart city literature between 1990 and 2019." Journal of Cleaner Production 258, no. : 120689.

Research article
Published: 17 October 2018 in Advances in Civil Engineering
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Public-private partnership (PPP) projects employ a high leverage in terms of debt finance needed by the private consortium. Debt finance providers need to know the bankability-related issues of PPP projects to make the timely arrangement of debt financing and avoid funding problems. However, there is still a lack of a systematic research on the bankability of PPP projects despite the worsening debt arrangement situation for PPP projects after the credit crisis and economic recession from 2008. To bridge this knowledge gap and enhance the practical debt arrangement of PPP projects, this study aims to identify and prioritize the critical bankability criteria of PPP projects. To achieve the objectives, 41 bankability-related criteria were first identified from a comprehensive literature. A structured questionnaire survey was then conducted with 31 industry experts in China who worked in financial institutes and had experienced PPP projects to investigate the relative importance of each criterion. To handle the uncertainty and vagueness of the subjective evaluation from surveys, this study analyzed the relative importance weight of each criterion using a proposed fuzzy analytical hierarchy process-based approach. The results showed that political environment, economic environment, shareholders’ credibility, financial market, legal system, public sector’s reliability, financial structure, and regulatory framework were ranked as the top eight critical bankability criteria. The findings of this study first contributed to the project finance body of knowledge for the bankability of PPP projects. Moreover, the outputs of this study would provide valuable information to the private and public sectors for formulating strategies on improving the bankability of PPP projects.

ACS Style

Lei Zhu; David Kim Huat Chua. Identifying Critical Bankability Criteria for PPP Projects: The Case of China. Advances in Civil Engineering 2018, 2018, 1 -11.

AMA Style

Lei Zhu, David Kim Huat Chua. Identifying Critical Bankability Criteria for PPP Projects: The Case of China. Advances in Civil Engineering. 2018; 2018 ():1-11.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lei Zhu; David Kim Huat Chua. 2018. "Identifying Critical Bankability Criteria for PPP Projects: The Case of China." Advances in Civil Engineering 2018, no. : 1-11.

Research article
Published: 05 June 2018 in Advances in Civil Engineering
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As an important issue in the public-private partnership (PPP) projects, the profit distribution has a critical impact on both the public and private sectors. Moreover, the influence of the private sector on the profit distribution of PPP projects cannot be ignored because the private sector are the implementers of PPP projects and responsible for the life-cycle performance and management of PPP projects. Therefore, this study aims at (1) investigating the influencing factors of the profit distribution of PPP projects from the private sector’s perspective and (2) analyzing the relationships between the factors and the profit distribution by the qualitative comparative analysis (QCA). The results first showed that the five key influencing factors on the profit distribution from the private sector’s perspective were the risk sharing, financing ability, investment, management ability, and effort level. Moreover, the results indicated that the risk sharing was the most important factor that had a positive impact on the profit distribution. Furthermore, the strong management ability and the high ratio of investment were identified as critical factors that led to a larger proportion of profits distributed to the private sector. In addition, the financing ability and the effort level of the private sector should also be considered in the profit distribution plan. The findings first contributed to the body of knowledge on the influencing factors of the profit distribution in PPP projects. In addition, this study is the first attempt of exploring the characteristics of the private sector under the context of profit distribution of PPP projects and using the QCA method to enrich the theoretical research. Thus, the findings would help the private companies improve their abilities and ensure their profits. Besides, the public and private sectors can make appropriate profit distribution proposals in practice based on the conclusion of this study.

ACS Style

Jing Du; Hongyue Wu; Lei Zhu. Influencing Factors on Profit Distribution of Public-Private Partnership Projects: Private Sector’s Perspective. Advances in Civil Engineering 2018, 2018, 1 -10.

AMA Style

Jing Du, Hongyue Wu, Lei Zhu. Influencing Factors on Profit Distribution of Public-Private Partnership Projects: Private Sector’s Perspective. Advances in Civil Engineering. 2018; 2018 ():1-10.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jing Du; Hongyue Wu; Lei Zhu. 2018. "Influencing Factors on Profit Distribution of Public-Private Partnership Projects: Private Sector’s Perspective." Advances in Civil Engineering 2018, no. : 1-10.

Review
Published: 16 December 2017 in Sustainability
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Despite the increasing investment in sustainable development over the past decade, a systematic review of sustainable construction project financing is lacking. The objectives of this paper are to conduct a systematic review to examine the policies, practices, and research efforts in the area of sustainable construction project financing, and to explore the potential opportunities for the future research. To achieve these goals, this paper first reviewed the sustainable construction project financing practices implemented by four representative developed economies including the United Kingdom, the United States, Singapore, and Australia. Then, this paper reviewed the efforts and initiatives launched by three international organizations including the United Nations, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, and International Finance Corporation. After that, this paper reviewed the research efforts of sustainable construction project financing published in peer-review journals and books. This paper identified four major research themes within this area, which are the review of financial stakeholders and market of sustainable construction, benefits and barriers to sustainable construction project financing, financial vehicles for sustainable construction projects, innovative models and mechanisms for sustainable construction project financing. Additionally, this paper revealed five directions for the future research of sustainable construction project financing, which are the identification of financial issues in sustainable construction projects, the investigation of financial vehicles for sustainable construction projects in terms of their strengths, limitations, and performances, the examination of critical drivers for implementing sustainable construction project financing, the development of a knowledge-based decision support system for implementing sustainable construction financing, and the development of best practices for implementing sustainable construction project financing. This paper contributes to the body of knowledge by reviewing existing policies, practices, and research efforts in the area of sustainable construction project financing. Meanwhile, the findings from this paper benefit the industry as well, because they are able to provide the practitioners with a holistic view of sustainable construction project financing, thereby enhancing their knowledge and skills in this regard.

ACS Style

Ming Shan; Bon-Gang Hwang; Lei Zhu. A Global Review of Sustainable Construction Project Financing: Policies, Practices, and Research Efforts. Sustainability 2017, 9, 2347 .

AMA Style

Ming Shan, Bon-Gang Hwang, Lei Zhu. A Global Review of Sustainable Construction Project Financing: Policies, Practices, and Research Efforts. Sustainability. 2017; 9 (12):2347.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ming Shan; Bon-Gang Hwang; Lei Zhu. 2017. "A Global Review of Sustainable Construction Project Financing: Policies, Practices, and Research Efforts." Sustainability 9, no. 12: 2347.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2016 in Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering
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The negotiation of the debt terms of public-private partnership (PPP) projects is time consuming and expensive. Although attempts have been made to examine this negotiation inefficiency, there still lacks a theoretical model for this. The aim of this study is to develop an agent-based debt terms’ bargaining model that simulates the negotiation process and improves the negotiation inefficiency. This model was developed using bargaining game theory, time-dependent negotiation tactics, and a learning-based approach, and then validated on a real PPP project. Scenario simulations were also carried out to test the effect of the first offerer, negotiation tactics, and bargaining powers on the duration and payoff of the negotiation. Results show that the use of the negotiation tactics and learning ability can quickly finalize the negotiation, improving the negotiation inefficiency. Results also indicate that being the first offerer and possessing more bargaining power can make the player obtain a better payoff. The developed system can be used by decision makers to understand the reason for the lengthy negotiation and make improved strategies under different scenarios.

ACS Style

Lei Zhu; Xianbo Zhao; D. K. H. Chua. Agent-Based Debt Terms’ Bargaining Model to Improve Negotiation Inefficiency in PPP Projects. Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering 2016, 30, 04016014 .

AMA Style

Lei Zhu, Xianbo Zhao, D. K. H. Chua. Agent-Based Debt Terms’ Bargaining Model to Improve Negotiation Inefficiency in PPP Projects. Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering. 2016; 30 (6):04016014.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lei Zhu; Xianbo Zhao; D. K. H. Chua. 2016. "Agent-Based Debt Terms’ Bargaining Model to Improve Negotiation Inefficiency in PPP Projects." Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering 30, no. 6: 04016014.