In recent years, as an emerging material, nanomaterials have rapidly expanded from laboratories to large-scale industrial productions. Along with people’s productive activities, these nanomaterials can enter the natural environment of soil, water and atmosphere through various ways. At present, a large number of reports have proved that nanomaterials have certain toxic effects on bacteria, algae, plants, invertebrates, mammalian cell lines and mammals in these environments, but people still know little about the ecotoxicology of nanomaterials. Most relevant studies focus on the responses of model strains to nanomaterials in pure culture conditions, but these results do not fully represent the response of microbial communities to nanomaterials in natural environments. Over the years, the effect of nanomaterials infiltrated into the natural environment on the microbial communities has become a popular topic in the field of nano-ecological environment research. It was found that under different environmental conditions, nanomaterials have various effects on the microbial communities. The medium; the coexisting pollutants in the environment and the structure, particle size and surface modification of nanomaterials may cause changes in the structure and function of microbial communities. This paper systematically summarizes the impacts of different nanomaterials on microbial communities in various environments, which can provide a reference for us to evaluate the impacts of nanomaterials released into the environment on the microecology and has certain guiding significance for strengthening the emission control of nanomaterials pollutants.

One-dimensional porous nanotubes with specific atomic defect sites are highly attractive for solar-driven photocatalytic water splitting applications. Herein, we demonstrated that carbon nitride nanotubes with constructed carbon vacancies and porous structure could be rationally fabricated by a facile thermal treatment process, leading to remarkable improvements in photocatalytic performances for H₂ production. More specifically, an outstanding H₂ evolution activity of 33.8 mmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹ has been achieved in the presence of cocatalyst Pt, more than 9-fold improvement compared with the pristine carbon nitride (3.7 mmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹). Detailed experiments reveal that carbon vacancies could effectively promote the separation and transport of photogenerated carriers and facilitate the immobilization of the co-catalyst to provide the charge transfer channel. Meanwhile, the porous nanotube structure further enhances the catalyst's optical absorption capacity and hydrophilicity. These demonstrations provide important knowledge for the precise design and fabrication of highly efficient photocatalysts for water splitting.