The aim of the study was to compare the chemical and amino acid composition of breast (pectoralis major) and thigh (biceps femoris) muscles in 17-wk-old geese from 2 Polish conservative flocks: Rypińska (Ry, n = 20) and Garbonosa (Ga, n = 20). The geese were fed ad libitum during the experimental period on the same complete feed. Genotypes affected the moisture and fat content of breast and thigh meat. The Ga geese were characterized by higher moisture as well as lower fat lipid content compared with the Ry breast and thigh muscles. The amino acid proportions of meat proteins depended on the goose flock and type of muscles, where significant differences were found. The proteins of Ga breast muscles contained more glutamic acid, glycine, lysine, tryptophan, histidine, and methionine, and less aspartic acid, proline, serine, leucine, valine, phenyloalanine, tyrosine, and threonine than the Ry geese (P ≤ 0.05). The proteins of Ry thigh muscles were characterized by higher content of proline, serine, and essential amino acids (without lysine and methionine) and lower glutamic and asparagine acid, alanine, and glycine compared with the Ga flock. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization (1991) standard, tryptophan was the amino acid limiting the nutritional value of meat proteins of Ry breast muscles (amino acid score for tryptophan = 90%). Except for tryptophan, the meat proteins of the investigated raw materials contained more essential amino acids than the standard. The total content of essential amino acids for all investigated muscles was also higher (52.51 to 55.54%) than the standard (33.90%). It is evident that muscle protein from both flocks of geese have been characterized by high nutritional value. The values of the essential amino acid index of breast muscle proteins were similar in both flocks.

The study concerns the effect of wheat germ expeller (WGE) as a feed additive given to male Ross-308 broiler chickens on their meat’s energy and nutritional value, and coverage of nutrient reference values-requirements (NRV-R) of consumers for particular minerals. The chickens in the control group (CT—Control Treatment) were fed a standard complete mix. The experimental groups (EX5, EX10, EX15) were given a feed in which wheat middling was replaced with 5, 10, and 15% WGE. The breast and thigh muscles of 32 randomly selected chickens (8 in each group) were analyzed. More water, crude protein, P, Mg, Fe, Cu, and Mn were determined in the breast muscles, and more crude fat, crude ash, Ca, and Zn in the thigh muscles. Chickens from the CT group consumed significantly (p ≤ 0.01) less feed per body weight than those from groups EX5 to EX15, but achieved the highest body weight per 100 g of consumed feed. A higher (p ≤ 0.01) feed, energy, crude protein, and crude fat intake was observed in groups EX5 to EX15 compared to CT. The higher (p ≤ 0.01) value of protein efficiency ratios was indicated in the CT group. The WGE additive did not impact the muscles’ energy values but affected the nutritional value. The daily consumption of 100 g of breast muscles to a large extent covers the consumer NRV-R for P, Mg Fe, Cu, and Mn. However, thigh muscles cover the NRV-R to a greater extent for Ca and Zn. The EX15, EX5, and EX10 muscles covered most of the NRV-R for P, Ca, and Mg, while the CT muscles did the same for Zn and Mn. Adding 5% WGE to broiler feed is optimal as it does not impair the nutritional value of the muscles.

The effect of sous-vide (S-V), microwave cooking (M) and stewing (S) on the fatty acid profile and lipid indices of goose meat was investigated. The research material involved breast muscles (24 with skin and 24 without skin) cut from carcasses of 17-week-old females “Polish oat geese.” Gas chromatography was used to establish the fatty acid profile and lipid indices were calculated. The kind of heat treatment and the type of goose meat (muscles with- and without skin) affected the fatty acid profile and lipid indices. The sum of SFA was higher in S-V, M, and S samples for both kinds of meat than in raw ones. The cooked samples with skin had a lower percentage of Ʃ SFA than the skinless meat. S-V and M cooking (for meat with skin) caused an increase, while in the case of S heating (for both kinds of meat) there were no significant differences in Ʃ MUFA compared to raw samples. The S-V, M, and S meat with skin was characterized by a higher value of Ʃ MUFA than skinless ones. The Ʃ PUFA was lower in S-V and M than in raw meat, wherein this decline was higher for M ones (for both kinds of meat). The M meat with skin had the lowest and S without skin the highest share of Σ PUFA. Heat treatment caused an increase in Σ PUFA n-6/n-3 ratio, the lowest value was shown by the S-V muscles. Sous-vide cooking was more beneficial for consumers than the remaining methods in terms of Σ DFA/Σ OFA, Σ UFA/Σ SFA, NVI, health-promoting index (HPI), inflammatory biomarker indexes, and Σ SFA, Σ OFA, Σ UFA, Σ DFA values for meat with skin (but not all of these were significant). In turn, stewing of meat without skin was more favorable than S-V and microwave cooking in relation to indexes such as: Σ DFA/Σ OFA, Σ UFA/Σ SFA, Σ PUFA/Σ SFA, PI, UI, AI, TI, HPI.

Background: Heat treatment methods including frying (with and without fat or oil), deep frying, oven roasting, grilling, charcoal roasting, broiling, steaming, and microwave cooking promote a cascade of adverse changes in the functional properties of meat, including protein fraction, lipid oxidation, and loss of some vitamins and mineral compounds. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of three cooking methods (sous vide (SV), microwave (M) cooking, and stewing (S)) on the basic chemical composition, cholesterol content, energy value, mineral concentration, and retention coefficients in goose meat. Methods: Basic chemical composition and mineral analysis were determined using AOAC methods. Total cholesterol content was established using the HPLC method. Results: Both types of goose meat (without and with skin) and heat treatment had a significant effect on nutrient values, mineral concentration, and retention coefficients. The S meat was characterized by a higher protein content than M and SV meat, and had the lowest fat, protein, and cholesterol retention, among other methods. The M meat had lower total cholesterol content than SV and S meat. There were significant differences in energy value for SV, M, and S meats. The SV meat contained less P, Mg, Fe, Zn, and more Na and K than the M and S samples. The highest values of Zn, Mg, and Fe content and the lowest of K and Ca were recorded in S meat compared with the SV and M samples. The retention coefficients of P, Mg, Na, Ca, and K in S meat were lower than in the SV and M samples. The meat without skin was characterized by a lower energy value, fat content, retention of proteins, and cholesterol, but higher fat retention than skin samples. This meat contained more minerals such as P, Mg, Fe, K, Na, and less Ca than skin meat. Higher retention coefficients were observed for Zn, P, Mg, Ca, and lower were observed for Na, Fe, and K in meat without skin than in samples with skin. Conclusions: From a dietary point of view, the most beneficial were SV muscles without skin. Whereas, taking into account the protein, fat content, and retention coefficients of fat, cholesterol, Zn, and Na, the most optimal form of cooking for meat with skin seems to be stewing. These results may be used by consumers in making dietary choices by taking into account the type of goose meat and kind of heat treatment.

The aim of the study was to compare the fatty acid profile in lipids of breast and leg muscles as well as in adipose tissue of 24-week-old Rypińska (n=20) and Garbonosa (n=20) geese from unique indigenous conservation flocks, maintained using the in situ method at the Research Station of Waterfowl Genetic Resources in Dworzyska, belonging to the National Research Institute of Animal Production in Krakow, Poland. The geese from both flocks were fed ad libitum by the same complete feed: until the 6th week of age which contained: 19.0 % crude protein, 4.0 % crude fat, 3.5 % fibre and up to 12.0 MJ metabolisable energy, and later – from the 7th to the 24th week of age up to 17.0 % crude protein, 3.0 % crude fat, 5.0 % crude fibre and 11.3 MJ metabolisable energy per 1.0 kg of feed. On the basis of carried experiment it was stated, that the lipids of breast muscles of Garbonosa geese contained less saturated fatty acids (SFAs) (without C 14:0) and more the C 20:4 n-6 (6.96 % vs. 6.36 %), C 20:5 n-3 – eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (1.16 % vs. 1.10 %), C 22:4 n-6 (0.69 % vs. 0.64 %) and C 22:6 n-3 – docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (0.44 % vs. 0.38 %) than in Rypińska, whereas in lipids of leg muscles of Rypińska there was a higher level of C 14:0 (0.53 % vs. 0.50 %), C 18:1 cis-9 (37.64 % vs. 37.33 %), C 18:2 n-6 (16.26 % vs. 15.97 %) and α C 18:3 n-3 (0.83 % vs. 0.80 %) and lower of C 20:4 n-6 (7.63 % vs. 7.79 %) as well as C 20:5 n-3 – EPA (1.49 % vs 1.51 %) compared to the Garbonosa geese flock. The higher concentration of C 14:0, C 16:0, C 16:1 trans-9, α C 18:3 n-3, and lower concentration (P≤0.01) of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in both flocks was found out in lipids of breast than leg muscles. The adipose tissue of Rypińska was characterised by higher (P≤0.01) content of C 14:0 (by 0.12 %), C 16:0 (by 1.75 %), C 16:1 cis-9 (by 0.78 %) and lower (P≤0.01) content of C 18:1 cis -9 (by 2.8 %), C 18:2 n-6 (by 1.48 %) and C 20:4 n-6 (by 0.19 %) compared to Garbonosa geese.