Both ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes in children can be a complication of sickle cell disease, which also affects adults. The occurrence is high without any screening or preventative care. This review article found that although transcranial Doppler (TCD) has reduced the prevalence of stroke in pediatric patients, there is still a need for an epidemiological survey to define such screening for adults, the ideal dose of hydroxyurea to reduce the incidence of stroke, and to identify silent cerebral stroke to prevent its complications. Increased hydroxyurea prescription and specific antibiotic and vaccination regimes lowered the occurrence of this condition. In pediatric cases with a time-averaged mean of the maximal velocity greater than 200cm/s, transcranial Doppler screening and preventive chronic transfusion for at least the first year have lowered the occurrence of stroke by up to 10 times. The ideal dose of hydroxyurea is still debatable, but it seems to reduce the risk of the first stroke to a comparable level in the average population. Adult ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke prevention has not yet received the same attention. Though there are fewer studies, sickle cell disease is also more common than age-matched controls in terms of silent cerebral infarction on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), as well as other neurological problems such as cognitive impairment, seizures, and headaches. Currently, there is no evidence-supported way to prevent ischemic stroke in adults at any age. Also, there is no defined ideal dose of hydroxyurea that can be helpful in preventing strokes. Data also lack a way to identify a silent cerebral infarction, so its complications can be prevented. An additional epidemiological survey may help in the prevention of the condition. The primary aim of this article was to emphasize the importance of information on clinical, neuropsychological, and quantitative MRI assessment of sickle cell patients to understand the epidemiology and etiology of stroke in sickle cell patients to prevent stroke and its related morbidity.

Monkeypox virus (MPOX) is a zoonotic disease in humans. It is similar genetically to its virus family member, smallpox. This virus has been studied since the 1970s. The virus remains endemic to the Congo and West African regions, but non-endemic spreads have been cited. The most recent non-endemic outbreak in the spring of 2022 amidst the current COVID-19 pandemic is of interest due to its impact on global medical, economic, and societal climates. This literature review aims to highlight the virology, clinical signs and symptoms, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of MPOX and discuss the social implications of the recent 2022 outbreak. We hope this review can pinpoint important clinical pearls of the MPOX virus and its societal impacts to further promote important discussion of this virus and its disease.

Oyster and co-authors (2022) have authored an article called Myocarditis cases reported after mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccination in the United States from December 2020 to August 2021, which studies and investigates the resulting number of cases of Myocarditis concerning the COVID-19 vaccination for pediatric patients older than 12 years of age but include individuals less than 30 years of age. From analyzing COVID 19 vaccination, there is more attribute towards the benefits associated with health matters as outlined by Bozkurt and co-authors (2021). However, from the research, the vaccination holds potential risks that would harm the population involved (Halushka & Vander Heide, 2021). The article investigates the different reports of Myocarditis and pericarditis rates after mRNA-based vaccination in the United States and globally. With the detailed information, the article has reviewed additional existing knowledge to support the study’s objective. Public health Ontario 2022 also provides an overview of the event of Myocarditis and Pericarditis following mRNA COVID 19 vaccines. Data from other countries also reported Cases of Myocarditis/Pericarditis following immunization with mRNA vaccine in Ontario, Canada, and internationally. Reported cases have occurred more frequently in males under 30 years, following the second dose, usually within one week of vaccination, and have mild with quick recovery. Although they also mention that the benefit of vaccination continues to outweigh the risk of COVID-19 illness, the authority still recommends vaccination for all eligible individuals, including children and youth. Also, per the American college of cardiology, vaccine-associated Myocarditis is a rare but possible side effect after m-RNA based COVID-19 vaccine. The clinical course of this Myocarditis is generally mild, with most symptoms resolving quickly.

Review Article Management strategies in pediatric allergic rhinitis—are we missing? Taral K. Parikh

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is monitoring an epidemic of monkeypox infection in the United States. The outbreak is now global and more than 6900 cases have already been reported. There are 83 confirmed cases among children and adolescents, as shown in the report published on November 3, 2022, in the USA. However, monkeypox in pediatric patients is still infrequent (< 0.3% of total cases). Among cases in the United States, 16 cases were in children < 5 years, 12 in the age group 5-12 years, and 55 cases in adolescents 13-17 years old. In the adolescent age group, 89% were male. For children < 12 years of age, close physical contact with an adult household with monkeypox was the primary exposure, but for adolescents, male-to-male sexual contact was found more frequently. The CDC advised United States healthcare providers to remain vigilant for patients with a rash resembling monkeypox, even if there is no history of travel to a country with high risk. This article summarizes the history and epidemiology of monkeypox with a specific emphasis on clinical features and management in pediatric patients.