Neutrophils play a key role in innate immune responses against foreign intrusion and influence the subsequent instigation of adaptive immune response. Nitric oxide (NO) synthesized by neutrophil nitric oxide synthase (NOS) profoundly modulates their diverse physiological responsibilities furthermore encompassing pathological implications. Neutrophils are the active participants in diverse inflammatory and cardiovascular disorders but neutrophil nitric oxide synthase (NOS) remains enigmatic on various aspects. This review focuses on inducible NOS (iNOS) and makes an attempt to address its potential impact in neutrophil pathophysiology, their differentiation, functionality, and survival. We described the scenario from its expressional modulation, by pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines governing the extent and duration of neutrophil immune response, to iNOS catalysis, the intracellular compartmentalization, and protein–protein interactions determining its microenvironment, activity and its contribution as a potential signaling protein apart from its role as signal transducer. Further, the relevance of investigating the unexplored facets of iNOS biology in neutrophils and possible prototypes of iNOS regulation is also exemplified in related cellular systems. Review on expressional modulation, inducible catalysis, intracellular compartmentalization and protein-protein interactions of neutrophil NOS determining microenvironment, activity and its contribution as a potential signaling protein.

The use of nanomaterials in several fields of science has undergone a revolution in the last few decades. It has been reported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) that 65% and 80% of infections are accountable for at least 65% of human bacterial infections. One of their important applications in healthcare is the use of nanoparticles (NPs) to eradicate free-floating bacteria and those that form biofilms. A nanocomposite (NC) is a multiphase stable fabric with one or three dimensions that are much smaller than 100 nm, or systems with nanoscale repeat distances between the unique phases that make up the material. Using NC materials to get rid of germs is a more sophisticated and effective technique to destroy bacterial biofilms. These biofilms are refractory to standard antibiotics, mainly to chronic infections and non-healing wounds. Materials like graphene and chitosan can be utilized to make several forms of NCs, in addition to different metal oxides. The ability of NCs to address the issue of bacterial resistance is its main advantage over antibiotics. This review highlights the synthesis, characterization, and mechanism through which NCs disrupt Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial biofilms, and their relative benefits and drawbacks. There is an urgent need to develop materials like NCs with a larger spectrum of action due to the rising prevalence of human bacterial diseases that are multidrug-resistant and form biofilms.

Antioxidants are essential for fertility and reproductive health. Cellular oxidative and nitrosative stress induced by free radicals might negatively impact fertility and reproductive organ function. Numerous reproductive complications and disorders, such as endometriosis, polycystic ovarian syndrome, oocyte aging, dysmenorrhea and premenstrual syndrome, spontaneous abortion, and infertility, have been linked to imbalances in the oxidant/ antioxidant interaction. Studies have examined dietary antioxidant supplementation that has been the focus of dietary antioxidant treatment for the treatment and/or prevention of recurring spontaneous abortions and infertility that cannot be explained. The sources are exploited which can abolish reactive oxygen species from our system for the management of reproductive diseases and in promoting fertility and normal reproductive physiology. This review focuses on the antioxidant therapies for the prevention and treatment of reproductive disease linked to oxidative stress, as well as the function antioxidants play in female reproductive health and fertility.