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The introduction of the Green Deal in 2019 by the European Commission poses a significant challenge for EU member states whose power generation is based primarily on fossil fuels. In Poland, nearly 80% of the electricity is produced from fossil fuels. This paper presents an analysis of the risks related to the delays in the accomplishment of investment programs in the Polish power industry. Three scenarios were prepared for balancing the deficiency of about 3 GW of power and 20 TWh of electricity in the national power grid in the years 2031–2040, which may emerge as a result of the delayed accomplishment of investment programs, particularly in nuclear energy. The first scenario presents a variant entailing the rapid phasing out of coal and the replacement of the decommissioned power units with new gas-powered units, where the missing power volume would be partially balanced by import, and partially through gas-based production in the new power units. The second scenario assumes that the missing power would be balanced by retaining the existing, older coal-powered units, whereas the required electricity would be compensated by import. The third scenario involves the production of the missing volume of electricity using coal with CO2 capture in existing or new coal-powered units.
Stanisław Tokarski; Małgorzata Magdziarczyk; Adam Smoliński. Risk Management Scenarios for Investment Program Delays in the Polish Power Industry. Energies 2021, 14, 5210 .
AMA StyleStanisław Tokarski, Małgorzata Magdziarczyk, Adam Smoliński. Risk Management Scenarios for Investment Program Delays in the Polish Power Industry. Energies. 2021; 14 (16):5210.
Chicago/Turabian StyleStanisław Tokarski; Małgorzata Magdziarczyk; Adam Smoliński. 2021. "Risk Management Scenarios for Investment Program Delays in the Polish Power Industry." Energies 14, no. 16: 5210.
One of the main hazards occurring in post-mining areas is the uncontrolled migration of gases to the surface, which may pose a serious threat to life and health. These gases are mainly methane and carbon dioxide, in smaller amounts ethane and higher hydrocarbons, carbon oxide, hydrogen sulfide, and radon. Methane migrating into the lower levels of buildings, garages, cable ducts, and sewage systems reaching the concentrations of above 5% may cause an explosion hazard. The concentration of carbon dioxide over 4% also represents a serious threat to life. Moreover, carbon dioxide and methane, emitted into the atmosphere, constitute a considerable source of greenhouse gases. The methane could be utilized, yet it is necessary to develop effective capture and purification methods with the first step of determination being its migration routes. The paper presents the application of numerical modelling with the use of TOUGHv2.0 software, which enabled effective simulation of the multiphase flow, applying adsorption and diffusion phenomena. The results of gas migration modelling were compared to the outcomes of geological tests, and the obtained results were satisfying. It was observed that both geological investigation and computer simulations are proper tools for investigation of the phenomenon of gas migration and identification of gas hazard areas on the surface, constituting the basis for development of effective methane capture methods for further application.
Jarosław Chećko; Natalia Howaniec; Krzysztof Paradowski; Adam Smolinski. Gas Migration in the Aspect of Safety in the Areas of Mines Selected for Closure. Resources 2021, 10, 73 .
AMA StyleJarosław Chećko, Natalia Howaniec, Krzysztof Paradowski, Adam Smolinski. Gas Migration in the Aspect of Safety in the Areas of Mines Selected for Closure. Resources. 2021; 10 (7):73.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJarosław Chećko; Natalia Howaniec; Krzysztof Paradowski; Adam Smolinski. 2021. "Gas Migration in the Aspect of Safety in the Areas of Mines Selected for Closure." Resources 10, no. 7: 73.
Carbon dioxide storage in unmineable coal seams is advantageous in the highly industrialized areas, such as the Upper Silesia Coal Basin (USCB), Poland, where heavy industry constitutes the source of huge CO2 emissions and coal mines will be closed in the future, due to unprofitability. The paper presents the results of experimental and theoretical research of CO2 capture on medium rank C and B bituminous coals coming from three mines located in the USCB. The porous texture of the investigated adsorbents was analyzed using SEM images and the N2 and CO2 isotherms at −196 °C and 0 °C, respectively. Qualitative studies using DRIFT spectroscopy showed that band intensity attributed to the functional groups of coals changed after CO2 adsorption. The analyses encompassed the equilibrium, kinetics and thermodynamics of CO2 adsorption on coals at 25, 50 and 75 °C (up to 2000 kPa). The adsorption isotherms were obtained by the static gravimetric method and described by means of the Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich and Dubinin-Astakhov models. The highest CO2 uptakes were obtained for medium rank C bituminous coals at 25 °C; the values were 1.600 mol/kg and 1.274 mol/kg. The adsorption kinetics was better characterized by the Avrami fractional-order model rather than by the pseudo-first and pseudo-second order models. The results reveal that the adsorption process is the fastest for medium rank C bituminous coals. The isosteric heats of adsorption were calculated in the following two ways: based on the multi-temperature Toth isotherm and the Clausius-Clapeyron equations. Depending on degree of coal metamorphism, the heat of adsorption ranged from 18 to 26 kJ/mol. The estimated maximum temperature increase due to heat accumulation in the insulated coalbed during CO2 adsorption was 6 °C and did not reach the self-ignition temperature in any of the tested adsorption systems.
Elżbieta Gabruś; Karolina Wojtacha-Rychter; Tomasz Aleksandrzak; Adam Smoliński; Magdalena Król. The feasibility of CO2 emission reduction by adsorptive storage on Polish hard coals in the Upper Silesia Coal Basin: An experimental and modeling study of equilibrium, kinetics and thermodynamics. Science of The Total Environment 2021, 796, 149064 .
AMA StyleElżbieta Gabruś, Karolina Wojtacha-Rychter, Tomasz Aleksandrzak, Adam Smoliński, Magdalena Król. The feasibility of CO2 emission reduction by adsorptive storage on Polish hard coals in the Upper Silesia Coal Basin: An experimental and modeling study of equilibrium, kinetics and thermodynamics. Science of The Total Environment. 2021; 796 ():149064.
Chicago/Turabian StyleElżbieta Gabruś; Karolina Wojtacha-Rychter; Tomasz Aleksandrzak; Adam Smoliński; Magdalena Król. 2021. "The feasibility of CO2 emission reduction by adsorptive storage on Polish hard coals in the Upper Silesia Coal Basin: An experimental and modeling study of equilibrium, kinetics and thermodynamics." Science of The Total Environment 796, no. : 149064.
Controlling carbon and nitrogen chemistry is essential for human life and civilization. In particular, high-temperature combustion of carbon fuels in the air results in the formation of ecotoxic carbon and nitrogen oxides (NOx). Specifically, NOx needs to be removed from the flue gases of electric power stations. The selective catalyst reduction (SCR) systems support the deNOx (NOx removal) process; however, surface deposits deactivate the SCR system while operating. Moreover, the surface texture is damaged during the exploitation. We show here how this damage reveals itself in the pore landscape of the commercial SCR catalysts. In particular, for the first time, we showed how this could be assessed by a combination of thermoporometry (TPM) and gas physisorption. Accordingly, a correlation between the assessed quality of the pore landscape and the catalyst activity was determined and discussed. We designed a broad collection of new innovative regeneration procedures, which appear to be robust and selective methods for removing surface poisons. The optimal regeneration scheme fully restored the catalyst activity.
Maciej Kapkowski; Tomasz Siudyga; Rafal Sitko; Anna Niemczyk-Wojdyla; Tomáš Zelenka; Gabriela Zelenková; Sylwia Golba; Adam Smolinski; Jaroslaw Polanski. Toward a viable ecological method for regenerating a commercial SCR catalyst – Selectively leaching surface deposits and reconstructing a pore landscape. Journal of Cleaner Production 2021, 316, 128291 .
AMA StyleMaciej Kapkowski, Tomasz Siudyga, Rafal Sitko, Anna Niemczyk-Wojdyla, Tomáš Zelenka, Gabriela Zelenková, Sylwia Golba, Adam Smolinski, Jaroslaw Polanski. Toward a viable ecological method for regenerating a commercial SCR catalyst – Selectively leaching surface deposits and reconstructing a pore landscape. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2021; 316 ():128291.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaciej Kapkowski; Tomasz Siudyga; Rafal Sitko; Anna Niemczyk-Wojdyla; Tomáš Zelenka; Gabriela Zelenková; Sylwia Golba; Adam Smolinski; Jaroslaw Polanski. 2021. "Toward a viable ecological method for regenerating a commercial SCR catalyst – Selectively leaching surface deposits and reconstructing a pore landscape." Journal of Cleaner Production 316, no. : 128291.
In the paper a novel approach to thermochemical utilization of low rank coal, flotation concentrates and municipal refuse derived fuels was presented. The economic attractiveness of low rank coals and flotation concentrates is limited and that is why they are commonly stored at excavation heaps causing additional costs and the risk of endogenous fires occurrence. One of the crucial parameters determining the attractiveness and usability of a fuel in the gasification process is its reactivity. In the study several low rank coals, flotation concentrates and municipal refuse derived fuels were tested in terms of their reactivity in the process of steam gasification. The reactivity of low rank coal and flotation concentrates at 50% of carbon conversion, R50, varied between 1.46·10−4 and 2.39·10−4 s−1, whereas the maximum reactivity, Rmax, from 3.28·10−4 to 4.62·10−4 s−1. Advanced mathematical models were developed to investigate the similarities and dissimilarities between the studied fuels as well as the relationships between the physical and chemical parameters and the reactivities of fuel chars in steam gasification. On this basis, a low rank coal was selected and blended with 20%w/w of municipal refuse derived fuel in co-gasification experiments. The aim of the research was to utilize the low rank coal characterized by the lowest reactivities (R50 and Rmax of 1.46·10−4 and 3.28·10−4 s−1, respectively) in steam co-gasification to hydrogen-rich gas with an alternative fuel in a fixed bed reactor at the temperature of 800 °C. The selected low rank coal was blended with 20%w/w of municipal refuse derived and the resulting fuel yielded the average concentration of hydrogen in the produced gas of 58.99%vol.
Adam Smoliński; Natalia Howaniec; Rafał Gąsior; Jarosław Polański; Małgorzata Magdziarczyk. Hydrogen rich gas production through co-gasification of low rank coal, flotation concentrates and municipal refuse derived fuel. Energy 2021, 235, 121348 .
AMA StyleAdam Smoliński, Natalia Howaniec, Rafał Gąsior, Jarosław Polański, Małgorzata Magdziarczyk. Hydrogen rich gas production through co-gasification of low rank coal, flotation concentrates and municipal refuse derived fuel. Energy. 2021; 235 ():121348.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAdam Smoliński; Natalia Howaniec; Rafał Gąsior; Jarosław Polański; Małgorzata Magdziarczyk. 2021. "Hydrogen rich gas production through co-gasification of low rank coal, flotation concentrates and municipal refuse derived fuel." Energy 235, no. : 121348.
This paper presents a method of implementation and the results of aerosol dispersion tests in underground mine workings. Numerous tests were carried out to determine the potential risk of SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus infection in the underground environment of the mines. The influence of selected parameters of mine air on the possibility and method of aerosol transmission through ventilation routes was experimentally determined in real conditions. The concentration of additional aerosols in the class of ultrafine and fine aerosols increased with the distance from the generator, while the concentration of coarse particles decreased. Assuming the consumption of the solution with which aerosols were generated, even at a small level of 1 cm3/min., the number of additional aerosols was several hundred particles in one cubic centimeter of air at a distance of 50–70 m from the generator. The concentration of ultrafine particles in the range of 40–20,000 nm increased from 122 particles/cm3 to 209 particles/cm3 at air temperature of 12 °C and relative humidity of 95–96%, and from 90 particles/cm3 to 243 particles/cm3 at air temperature of 17 °C and relative humidity of 76–82%, with the increasing distance from the generator (10 m to 50 m).
Krystian Skubacz; Robert Hildebrandt; Aleksandra Zgórska; Zdzisław Dyduch; Krzysztof Samolej; Adam Smolinski. Transport of Aerosols in Underground Mine Workings in Terms of SARS-CoV-2 Virus Threat. Molecules 2021, 26, 3501 .
AMA StyleKrystian Skubacz, Robert Hildebrandt, Aleksandra Zgórska, Zdzisław Dyduch, Krzysztof Samolej, Adam Smolinski. Transport of Aerosols in Underground Mine Workings in Terms of SARS-CoV-2 Virus Threat. Molecules. 2021; 26 (12):3501.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKrystian Skubacz; Robert Hildebrandt; Aleksandra Zgórska; Zdzisław Dyduch; Krzysztof Samolej; Adam Smolinski. 2021. "Transport of Aerosols in Underground Mine Workings in Terms of SARS-CoV-2 Virus Threat." Molecules 26, no. 12: 3501.
(1) Background: Properties and descriptors are two forms of molecular in silico representations. Properties can be further divided into functional, e.g., catalyst or drug activity, and material, e.g., X-ray crystal data. Millions of real measured functional property records are available for drugs or drug candidates in online databases. In contrast, there is not a single database that registers a real conversion, TON or TOF data for catalysts. All of the data are molecular descriptors or material properties, which are mainly of a calculation origin. (2) Results: Here, we explain the reason for this. We reviewed the data handling and sharing problems in the design and discovery of catalyst candidates particularly, material informatics and catalyst design, structural coding, data collection and validation, infrastructure for catalyst design and the online databases for catalyst design. (3) Conclusions: Material design requires a property prediction step. This can only be achieved based on the registered real property measurement. In reality, in catalyst design and discovery, we can observe either a severe functional property deficit or even property famine.
Daniel Lach; Uladzislau Zhdan; Adam Smolinski; Jaroslaw Polanski. Functional and Material Properties in Nanocatalyst Design: A Data Handling and Sharing Problem. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2021, 22, 5176 .
AMA StyleDaniel Lach, Uladzislau Zhdan, Adam Smolinski, Jaroslaw Polanski. Functional and Material Properties in Nanocatalyst Design: A Data Handling and Sharing Problem. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22 (10):5176.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDaniel Lach; Uladzislau Zhdan; Adam Smolinski; Jaroslaw Polanski. 2021. "Functional and Material Properties in Nanocatalyst Design: A Data Handling and Sharing Problem." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 10: 5176.
Modern dentistry commonly uses a variety of imaging methods to support diagnosis and treatment. Among them, cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) is particularly useful in presenting head structures, such as the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). The determination of the morphology of the joint is an important part of the diagnosis as well as the monitoring of the treatment results. It can be accomplished by measurement of the TMJ gap width at three selected places, taken at a specific cross-section. This study presents a new approach to these measurements. First, the CBCT images are denoised using curvilinear methods, and the volume of interest is determined. Then, the orientation of the vertical cross-section plane is computed based on segmented axial sections of the TMJ head. Finally, the cross-section plane is used to determine the standardized locations, at which the width of the gap between condyle and fossa is measured. The elaborated method was tested on selected TMJ CBCT scans with satisfactory results. The proposed solution lays the basis for the development of an autonomous method of TMJ index identification.
Sebastian Iwaszenko; Jakub Munk; Stefan Baron; Adam Smoliński. New Method for Analysis of the Temporomandibular Joint Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography. Sensors 2021, 21, 3070 .
AMA StyleSebastian Iwaszenko, Jakub Munk, Stefan Baron, Adam Smoliński. New Method for Analysis of the Temporomandibular Joint Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography. Sensors. 2021; 21 (9):3070.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSebastian Iwaszenko; Jakub Munk; Stefan Baron; Adam Smoliński. 2021. "New Method for Analysis of the Temporomandibular Joint Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography." Sensors 21, no. 9: 3070.
The aim of the paper was to work out a new comprehensive methodology to monitor thermal activity at mine waste dumps. The methodology was tested through monitoring thermal phenomena occurring in the areas of extractive waste dumping facilities located in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin, Poland. Within the framework of the study, a comparative analysis of three waste dumps was performed; the first two of them, which were not previously reclaimed, are in part thermally active, whereas the third one comprises one section which was partially reclaimed and another section which is still being operated. The research objective was to observe the changes of atmospheric emissions of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) from the three selected facilities within the period of 21 months of constant monitoring. The novelty of the methodology of thermal activity monitoring at burning mine waste dumps consisted in the application advanced chemometrics methods. The collected data were analyzed by means of the Hierarchical Clustering Analysis supplemented with a color map of the experimental results. Based on the newly developed methodology, it was determined that thermal processes occur in all of the three analyzed sites. The non-reclaimed waste dumps characterize of intense thermal phenomena covering the majority of the studied area. It was also observed that the most intensive thermal activity occurs in the central sections of the dumps with temperature values reaching the level of 600 °C accompanied by high emissions of PAHs. In addition, the research results demonstrate that despite the reclamation processes, there are certain areas which still remain thermally active in one of the studied extractive waste dumps. This manifested itself by high measured concentrations of all the analyzed PAHs and locally increased surface temperatures which, however, did not exceed 200 °C; the majority of the areas of the reclaimed waste dump characterized of temperatures in the range of 20–30 °C.
Adam Smoliński; Václav Dombek; Eva Pertile; Leszek Drobek; Krzysztof Gogola; Sylwia W. Żechowska; Małgorzata Magdziarczyk. An analysis of self-ignition of mine waste dumps in terms of environmental protection in industrial areas in Poland. Scientific Reports 2021, 11, 1 -10.
AMA StyleAdam Smoliński, Václav Dombek, Eva Pertile, Leszek Drobek, Krzysztof Gogola, Sylwia W. Żechowska, Małgorzata Magdziarczyk. An analysis of self-ignition of mine waste dumps in terms of environmental protection in industrial areas in Poland. Scientific Reports. 2021; 11 (1):1-10.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAdam Smoliński; Václav Dombek; Eva Pertile; Leszek Drobek; Krzysztof Gogola; Sylwia W. Żechowska; Małgorzata Magdziarczyk. 2021. "An analysis of self-ignition of mine waste dumps in terms of environmental protection in industrial areas in Poland." Scientific Reports 11, no. 1: 1-10.
A library of novel 4-{[(benzyloxy)carbonyl]amino}-2-hydroxybenzoic acid amides was designed and synthesized in order to provide potential acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase (AChE/BChE) inhibitors; the in vitro inhibitory profile and selectivity index were specified. Benzyl(3-hydroxy-4-{[2-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]carbamoyl}phenyl)carbamate was the best AChE inhibitor with the inhibitory concentration of IC50 = 36.05 µM in the series, while benzyl{3-hydroxy-4-[(2-methoxyphenyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}-carbamate was the most potent BChE inhibitor (IC50 = 22.23 µM) with the highest selectivity for BChE (SI = 2.26). The cytotoxic effect was evaluated in vitro for promising AChE/BChE inhibitors. The newly synthesized adducts were subjected to the quantitative shape comparison with the generation of an averaged pharmacophore pattern. Noticeably, three pairs of fairly similar fluorine/bromine-containing compounds can potentially form the activity cliff that is manifested formally by high structure–activity landscape index (SALI) numerical values. The molecular docking study was conducted for the most potent AChE/BChE inhibitors, indicating that the hydrophobic interactions were overwhelmingly generated with Gln119, Asp70, Pro285, Thr120, and Trp82 aminoacid residues, while the hydrogen bond (HB)-donor ones were dominated with Thr120. π-stacking interactions were specified with the Trp82 aminoacid residue of chain A as well. Finally, the stability of chosen liganded enzymatic systems was assessed using the molecular dynamic simulations. An attempt was made to explain the noted differences of the selectivity index for the most potent molecules, especially those bearing unsubstituted and fluorinated methoxy group.
Jiri Kos; Violetta Kozik; Dominika Pindjakova; Timotej Jankech; Adam Smolinski; Sarka Stepankova; Jan Hosek; Michal Oravec; Josef Jampilek; Andrzej Bak. Synthesis and Hybrid SAR Property Modeling of Novel Cholinesterase Inhibitors. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2021, 22, 3444 .
AMA StyleJiri Kos, Violetta Kozik, Dominika Pindjakova, Timotej Jankech, Adam Smolinski, Sarka Stepankova, Jan Hosek, Michal Oravec, Josef Jampilek, Andrzej Bak. Synthesis and Hybrid SAR Property Modeling of Novel Cholinesterase Inhibitors. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22 (7):3444.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJiri Kos; Violetta Kozik; Dominika Pindjakova; Timotej Jankech; Adam Smolinski; Sarka Stepankova; Jan Hosek; Michal Oravec; Josef Jampilek; Andrzej Bak. 2021. "Synthesis and Hybrid SAR Property Modeling of Novel Cholinesterase Inhibitors." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 7: 3444.
The article evaluates the reduction of carbon dioxide emission due to the partial substitution of coal with alternative fuels in clinker manufacture. For this purpose, the calculations were performed for seventy waste-derived samples of alternative fuels with variable calorific value and variable share in the fuel mixture. Based on annual clinker production data of the Polish Cement Association and the laboratory analysis of fuels, it was estimated that the direct net CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion alone were 543 Mg of CO2 per hour. By contrast with the full substitution of coal with alternative fuels (including 30% of biomass), the emission ranged from 302 up to 438 Mg of CO2 per hour, depending on fuel properties. A reduction of 70% in the share of fossil fuels resulted in about a 23% decrease in net emissions. It was proved that the increased use of alternative fuels as an additive to the fuel mix is also of economic importance. It was determined that thanks to the combustion of 70% of alternative fuels of calorific value from 15 to 26 MJ/kg, the hourly financial profit gain due to avoided CO2 emission and saved 136 megatons of coal totaled an average of 9718 euros. The results confirmed that the co-incineration of waste in cement kilns can be an effective, long-term way to mitigate carbon emissions and to lower clinker production costs. This paper may constitute a starting point for future research activities and specific case studies in terms of reducing CO2 emissions.
Karolina Wojtacha-Rychter; Piotr Kucharski; Adam Smolinski. Conventional and Alternative Sources of Thermal Energy in the Production of Cement—An Impact on CO2 Emission. Energies 2021, 14, 1539 .
AMA StyleKarolina Wojtacha-Rychter, Piotr Kucharski, Adam Smolinski. Conventional and Alternative Sources of Thermal Energy in the Production of Cement—An Impact on CO2 Emission. Energies. 2021; 14 (6):1539.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKarolina Wojtacha-Rychter; Piotr Kucharski; Adam Smolinski. 2021. "Conventional and Alternative Sources of Thermal Energy in the Production of Cement—An Impact on CO2 Emission." Energies 14, no. 6: 1539.
Air pollution constitutes the greatest environmental threat to human health in the European Union. In Poland, the emission of particulate matter and harmful gases originating from local coal based boiler plants and the combustion of fuels in residential heating appliances is a considerable source of air pollution. The combustion of fuel in home furnaces is inefficient due to the use of cheap fuels of low heating parameters and the frequent addition of waste. For the purpose of the research, deciduous tree wood pellets were selected as the basic fuel with the admixture of plastic waste, rubber, waste paper, wood residues, diapers, textile waste, multi-material packaging, construction waste, biomass and alternative fuel (RDF). Examining ash samples to confirm the practices of combusting or co-combusting waste materials in heating appliances is considered to be one of the most reliable detection methods; however, the results of direct research require further data processing. The application of hierarchical clustering analysis to the obtained results arranged into a matrix enabled in a simple way to demonstrate the similarities between the examined samples of fuel and the samples of fuel mixed with waste materials in the parameters space as well as to analyze the similarities among the measured parameters (the content of particular elements in ash) in the space of the examined samples. The application of chemometric methods for the purpose of identifying the combusted fuels, and, in particular the co-combusted waste complements the currently used monitoring tools which control the use of low quality fuels or the combustion of waste of different origin.
Jacek Grabowski; Adam Smoliński. The application of hierarchical clustering to analyzing ashes from the combustion of wood pellets mixed with waste materials. Environmental Pollution 2021, 276, 116766 .
AMA StyleJacek Grabowski, Adam Smoliński. The application of hierarchical clustering to analyzing ashes from the combustion of wood pellets mixed with waste materials. Environmental Pollution. 2021; 276 ():116766.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJacek Grabowski; Adam Smoliński. 2021. "The application of hierarchical clustering to analyzing ashes from the combustion of wood pellets mixed with waste materials." Environmental Pollution 276, no. : 116766.
The aim of the paper is to present the results of research on the carbonation process kinetics of coal combustion ashes originating from fluidized bed boilers used in power plants. Based on the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), the hypothesis that carbon dioxide is bounded by the mineral substances (calcium compounds) in the fly ashes was confirmed. Determining the kinetic parameters of the carbonation of fly ashes requires simultaneously taking into consideration the kinetics of the drying process of the sample. The drying process of the sample masks the effect of the reaction of CO2 with calcium compound. Unlike the ashes generated in pulverized fuel boilers, fly ashes contain irregular amorphic mineral components or poorly crystalized products of complete or partial dehydroxylation of claystone substance present in shale formations constituting the gangue as well as anhydrite (CaSO4), a desulfurization product. The content of free calcium oxide (CaO) in such ashes ranges from a few to several percent, which is a significant obstacle considering their use in cement and concrete production as type II admixtures understood to be inorganic grained materials of pozzolanic or latent hydraulic properties. The paper presents effective mechanisms which reduce the content of free CaO in ashes from Fluidized Bed Combustion (FBC) boilers to a level that allows their commercial utilization in the cement industry.
Marian Jacek Łączny; Sebastian Iwaszenko; Adam Smoliński. Process Kinetics of the Carbonation of Fly Ashes: A Research Study. Materials 2021, 14, 253 .
AMA StyleMarian Jacek Łączny, Sebastian Iwaszenko, Adam Smoliński. Process Kinetics of the Carbonation of Fly Ashes: A Research Study. Materials. 2021; 14 (2):253.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarian Jacek Łączny; Sebastian Iwaszenko; Adam Smoliński. 2021. "Process Kinetics of the Carbonation of Fly Ashes: A Research Study." Materials 14, no. 2: 253.
The research was carried out by means of implosion plasma generators with conical and hemispherical compression chambers to conduct a quantitative assessment of the boundary temperature of super dense plasma jets. It was proved experimentally that nuclear transformations in metals are caused by the impact of super dense plasma jets (11, ..., 12) × 103 kg/m3. The boundary temperature of these jets was evaluated. It was estimated that the nominal boundary temperature of the studied implosion plasma generators is 106 К. The pressure in the target at the penetration of the super dense jet (~12,000 kg/m3) at the speed of 28,000 m / sec is more than 30 ТPa. The boundary temperature was estimated and proved to depend on the pre-determined values only slightly. It was experimentally established that stable isotopes of manganese Mn55 (up to 27%) are formed in iron targets as a result of high temperature plasma jet penetration. The appearance of manganese must be related to iron transformation into stable isotopes Fe56 and Fe54. The obtained results may be applied for investigating structural changes in metals under the conditions of impulsive super high temperatures and pressures. This method can be also used as a testing ground for studying the physical conditions of forming chemical elements as well as super dense plasma jets.
Valerii Sobolev; Edgar Caseres Cabana; Natalia Howaniec; Roman Dychkovskyi; Bartłomiej Jura; Andrzej Bąk; Sebastian Iwaszenko; Adam Smoliński. Estimation of Dense Plasma Temperature Formed under Shock Wave Cumulation. Materials 2020, 13, 4923 .
AMA StyleValerii Sobolev, Edgar Caseres Cabana, Natalia Howaniec, Roman Dychkovskyi, Bartłomiej Jura, Andrzej Bąk, Sebastian Iwaszenko, Adam Smoliński. Estimation of Dense Plasma Temperature Formed under Shock Wave Cumulation. Materials. 2020; 13 (21):4923.
Chicago/Turabian StyleValerii Sobolev; Edgar Caseres Cabana; Natalia Howaniec; Roman Dychkovskyi; Bartłomiej Jura; Andrzej Bąk; Sebastian Iwaszenko; Adam Smoliński. 2020. "Estimation of Dense Plasma Temperature Formed under Shock Wave Cumulation." Materials 13, no. 21: 4923.
The paper presents the simulation of a catalyst-paraffin oil slurry hydrodynamics under high pressure and temperature in a convex bottom reactor with a Rushton turbine which was conducted with an application of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling. An analysis to obtain a uniform distribution of solid catalyst particles suspended in paraffin oil was carried out as a potential for biomass liquefaction. The effects of the particle diameter, bed density, liquid viscosity, and the initial solid loading on slurry hydrodynamics in high pressure and temperature behavior were investigated using the Eulerian–Eulerian two-fluid model and the standard k-ε turbulence model. The main objective was to assess the performance in agitating highly concentrated slurries to obtain slurry velocity, concentration, the degree of homogeneity, and to examine their effect on the mixing quality. The results of the analysis are applied to predicting the impact of the most efficient conditions on slurry suspension qualities as potential for biomass liquefaction.
Artur Wodołażski; Jacek Skiba; Katarzyna Zarębska; Jarosław Polański; Adam Smolinski. CFD Modeling of the Catalyst Oil Slurry Hydrodynamics in a High Pressure and Temperature as Potential for Biomass Liquefaction. Energies 2020, 13, 5694 .
AMA StyleArtur Wodołażski, Jacek Skiba, Katarzyna Zarębska, Jarosław Polański, Adam Smolinski. CFD Modeling of the Catalyst Oil Slurry Hydrodynamics in a High Pressure and Temperature as Potential for Biomass Liquefaction. Energies. 2020; 13 (21):5694.
Chicago/Turabian StyleArtur Wodołażski; Jacek Skiba; Katarzyna Zarębska; Jarosław Polański; Adam Smolinski. 2020. "CFD Modeling of the Catalyst Oil Slurry Hydrodynamics in a High Pressure and Temperature as Potential for Biomass Liquefaction." Energies 13, no. 21: 5694.
Fire hazard assessment in coal mines is performed on the basis of concentrations of particular gases emitted from the heating coal deposit, but more precise criteria and indicators are needed to assess fire hazard properly—both during the temperature rise phase and in the coal bed cooling phase. In the paper the impact of coal grinding on hazard assessment of spontaneous fire development in the coal deposit during heating and cooling the fire source was analyzed. The intensity of desorption of ethane, ethylene, propane, propylene, acetylene, carbon monoxide and hydrogen is the resultant of temperature and grinding of coal samples. The results proved that the ratio of concentrations emitted by standard versus coarsely crushed coal for each of the gases, changed both in the growth phase as well as in the temperature drop phase. It was found that as the temperature rose, the effect of coal grinding on the release of ethane, ethylene, propane, propylene and carbon monoxide decreased. The greatest effect of coal grinding was observed in the case of ethane and propane, while the lowest in the case of hydrogen and carbon monoxide.
Marek Więckowski; Natalia Howaniec; Adam Smoliński. Assessment of Heating and Cooling of a Spontaneous Fire Source in Coal Deposits—Effect of Coal Grain Size. Minerals 2020, 10, 907 .
AMA StyleMarek Więckowski, Natalia Howaniec, Adam Smoliński. Assessment of Heating and Cooling of a Spontaneous Fire Source in Coal Deposits—Effect of Coal Grain Size. Minerals. 2020; 10 (10):907.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarek Więckowski; Natalia Howaniec; Adam Smoliński. 2020. "Assessment of Heating and Cooling of a Spontaneous Fire Source in Coal Deposits—Effect of Coal Grain Size." Minerals 10, no. 10: 907.
Bartłomiej Woś; Adam Smoliński; Justyna Likus-Cieślik; Marcin Pietrzykowski. The impact of alder litter on chemistry of Technosols developed from lignite combustion waste and natural sandy substrate: a laboratory experiment. International Journal of Phytoremediation 2020, 23, 415 -425.
AMA StyleBartłomiej Woś, Adam Smoliński, Justyna Likus-Cieślik, Marcin Pietrzykowski. The impact of alder litter on chemistry of Technosols developed from lignite combustion waste and natural sandy substrate: a laboratory experiment. International Journal of Phytoremediation. 2020; 23 (4):415-425.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBartłomiej Woś; Adam Smoliński; Justyna Likus-Cieślik; Marcin Pietrzykowski. 2020. "The impact of alder litter on chemistry of Technosols developed from lignite combustion waste and natural sandy substrate: a laboratory experiment." International Journal of Phytoremediation 23, no. 4: 415-425.
This paper presents the kinetics and mechanisms of pyrolysis and gasification processes of sewage sludge and phytomass blends as well as their application in gas conversion. Sewage sludge is a type of combustible waste substance that constitutes a renewable energy source. Mixing sewage sludge with another type of waste biomass can have a beneficial effect on the quality of the fuel produced and may improve the conversion efficiency. Pyrolysis and gasification processes are considered sustainable methods for the production of combustible gas. The two-stage gasification process combining co-pyrolysis and the gasification of “hot” char were studied using a thermogravimetric analyser and a fixed-bed reactor coupled with gas chromatography. The pyrolysis of sewage sludge and Salix viminalis as well as their mixture was performed below the temperature of 900 °C at low heating rates under a nitrogen atmosphere and in non-isothermal conditions. The char gasification experiments were carried out at temperatures of 700, 800 and 900 °C in an atmosphere of air. The effect of the percentage share of Salix viminalis in the tested blends on the pyrolysis process and on the reactivity of “hot” char in the gasification process were investigated. For the tested blends, the kinetic parameters of co-pyrolysis and gasification were determined.
Beata Urych; Adam Smoliński. Sewage sludge and phytomass co-pyrolysis and the gasification of its chars: A kinetics and reaction mechanism study. Fuel 2020, 285, 119186 .
AMA StyleBeata Urych, Adam Smoliński. Sewage sludge and phytomass co-pyrolysis and the gasification of its chars: A kinetics and reaction mechanism study. Fuel. 2020; 285 ():119186.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBeata Urych; Adam Smoliński. 2020. "Sewage sludge and phytomass co-pyrolysis and the gasification of its chars: A kinetics and reaction mechanism study." Fuel 285, no. : 119186.
A series of twenty-two novel N-(disubstituted-phenyl)-3-hydroxynaphthalene- 2-carboxamide derivatives was synthesized and characterized as potential antimicrobial agents. N-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]- and N-[2-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-hydroxy- naphthalene-2-carboxamide showed submicromolar (MICs 0.16–0.68 µM) activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates. N-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]- and N-[4-bromo-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-hydroxynaphthalene-2-carboxamide revealed activity against M. tuberculosis (both MICs 10 µM) comparable with that of rifampicin. Synergistic activity was observed for the combinations of ciprofloxacin with N-[4-bromo-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]- and N-(4-bromo-3-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxynaphthalene-2-carboxamides against MRSA SA 630 isolate. The similarity-related property space assessment for the congeneric series of structurally related carboxamide derivatives was performed using the principal component analysis. Interestingly, different distribution of mono-halogenated carboxamide derivatives with the –CF3 substituent is accompanied by the increased activity profile. A symmetric matrix of Tanimoto coefficients indicated the structural dissimilarities of dichloro- and dimetoxy-substituted isomers from the remaining ones. Moreover, the quantitative sampling of similarity-related activity landscape provided a subtle picture of favorable and disallowed structural modifications that are valid for determining activity cliffs. Finally, the advanced method of neural network quantitative SAR was engaged to illustrate the key 3D steric/electronic/lipophilic features of the ligand-site composition by the systematic probing of the functional group.
Andrzej Bak; Jiri Kos; Hana Michnova; Tomas Gonec; Sarka Pospisilova; Violetta Kozik; Alois Cizek; Adam Smolinski; Josef Jampilek. Consensus-Based Pharmacophore Mapping for New Set of N-(disubstituted-phenyl)-3-hydroxyl-naphthalene-2-carboxamides. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2020, 21, 6583 .
AMA StyleAndrzej Bak, Jiri Kos, Hana Michnova, Tomas Gonec, Sarka Pospisilova, Violetta Kozik, Alois Cizek, Adam Smolinski, Josef Jampilek. Consensus-Based Pharmacophore Mapping for New Set of N-(disubstituted-phenyl)-3-hydroxyl-naphthalene-2-carboxamides. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21 (18):6583.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndrzej Bak; Jiri Kos; Hana Michnova; Tomas Gonec; Sarka Pospisilova; Violetta Kozik; Alois Cizek; Adam Smolinski; Josef Jampilek. 2020. "Consensus-Based Pharmacophore Mapping for New Set of N-(disubstituted-phenyl)-3-hydroxyl-naphthalene-2-carboxamides." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 18: 6583.
A series of nineteen novel ring-substituted N-arylcinnamanilides was synthesized and characterized. All investigated compounds were tested against Staphylococcus aureus as the reference strain, two clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. (2E)-N-[3-Fluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-phenylprop-2-enamide showed even better activity (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) 25.9 and 12.9 µM) against MRSA isolates than the commonly used ampicillin (MIC 45.8 µM). The screening of the cell viability was performed using THP1-Blue™ NF-κB cells and, except for (2E)-N-(4-bromo-3-chlorophenyl)- 3-phenylprop-2-enamide (IC50 6.5 µM), none of the discussed compounds showed any significant cytotoxic effect up to 20 μM. Moreover, all compounds were tested for their anti-inflammatory potential; several compounds attenuated the lipopolysaccharide-induced NF-κB activation and were more potent than the parental cinnamic acid. The lipophilicity values were specified experimentally as well. In addition, in silico approximation of the lipophilicity values was performed employing a set of free/commercial clogP estimators, corrected afterwards by the corresponding pKa calculated at physiological pH and subsequently cross-compared with the experimental parameters. The similarity-driven property space evaluation of structural analogs was carried out using the principal component analysis, Tanimoto metrics, and Kohonen mapping.
Jiri Kos; Andrzej Bak; Violetta Kozik; Timotej Jankech; Tomas Strharsky; Aleksandra Swietlicka; Hana Michnova; Jan Hosek; Adam Smolinski; Michal Oravec; Ferdinand Devinsky; Milan Hutta; Josef Jampilek. Biological Activities and ADMET-Related Properties of Novel Set of Cinnamanilides. Molecules 2020, 25, 4121 .
AMA StyleJiri Kos, Andrzej Bak, Violetta Kozik, Timotej Jankech, Tomas Strharsky, Aleksandra Swietlicka, Hana Michnova, Jan Hosek, Adam Smolinski, Michal Oravec, Ferdinand Devinsky, Milan Hutta, Josef Jampilek. Biological Activities and ADMET-Related Properties of Novel Set of Cinnamanilides. Molecules. 2020; 25 (18):4121.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJiri Kos; Andrzej Bak; Violetta Kozik; Timotej Jankech; Tomas Strharsky; Aleksandra Swietlicka; Hana Michnova; Jan Hosek; Adam Smolinski; Michal Oravec; Ferdinand Devinsky; Milan Hutta; Josef Jampilek. 2020. "Biological Activities and ADMET-Related Properties of Novel Set of Cinnamanilides." Molecules 25, no. 18: 4121.