This research aimed at assessing the approaching of Multi-Spectral Remote Sensing (MS-RS) data for estimating water quality (WQ) of Rosetta branch (RB) using stepwise regression technique. The methodology was based on developing an algorithm for estimating WQ using the Worldview-2 bands reflectance. Results showed that the optical WQ parameters as total suspended solids (TSS) and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) were acceptably estimated using MS-RS data with high confident. The optical WQ parameters are the most likely affecting the reflected radiation that sensed by the satellite. However, this research expanded to select non-optical WQ parameters such as pH value and biological demand (BOD) that is less likely affecting the radiation reflectance, nevertheless, still correlated to optical WQ parameters. The determination coefficient showed significant high values for ortho-phosphate (OP), total dissolved solids (TDS), Chl-a and pH with different mathematical formulations depending on pollution level. The results showed that, it is promising to perform routine WQ monitoring programs on different water bodies, even for those has relative narrow width as RB, using MS-RS data

Introduction: Constructed wetlands (CWs) are nature-based solutions for wastewater treatment where the root system microbiome plays a key role in terms of nutrient and pollutant removal. Nonetheless, little is known on plant-microbe interactions and bacterial population selection in CWs, which are mostly characterized in terms of engineering aspects.Methods: Here, cultivation-independent and cultivation-based analyses were applied to study the bacterial communities associated to the root systems of Phragmites australis and Typha domingensis co-occurring in the same cell of a CW receiving primary treated wastewaters.Results and discussion: Two endophytic bacteria collections (n = 156) were established aiming to find novel strains for microbial-assisted phytodepuration, however basing on their taxonomy the possible use of these strains was limited by their low degrading potential and/or for risks related to the One-Health concept. A sharp differentiation arose between the P. australis and T. domingensis collections, mainly represented by lactic acid bacteria (98%) and Enterobacteriaceae (69%), respectively. Hence, 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing was used to disentangle the microbiome composition in the root system fractions collected at increasing distance from the root surface. Both the fraction type and the plant species were recognized as drivers of the bacterial community structure. Moreover, differential abundance analysis revealed that, in all fractions, several bacteria families were significantly and differentially enriched in P. australis or in T. domingensis. CWs have been also reported as interesting options for the removal of emerging contaminants (e.g, antibiotic resistance genes, ARGs). In this study, ARGs were mostly present in the rhizosphere of both plant species, compared to the other analyzed fractions. Notably, qPCR data showed that ARGs (i.e., ermB, bla_TEM, tetA) and intl1 gene (integrase gene of the class 1 integrons) were significantly higher in Phragmites than Typha rhizospheres, suggesting that macrophyte species growing in CWs can display a different ability to remove ARGs from wastewater. Overall, the results suggest the importance to consider the plant-microbiome interactions, besides engineering aspects, to select the most suitable species when designing phytodepuration systems.

The potential use of duckweed (Lemna gibba) for the treatment of drainage water was investigated. Three continuous flow duckweed-based treatment systems (one-pond, two-pond, and three-pond) were used. Removal efficiencies of COD_total and ammonia in the two-pond system were significantly higher (60.2 ± 6.1% and 80.2 ± 1.4%) than that found for single-pond system (30.6 ± 7.9% and 56.8 ± 3.3%), respectively, at a total hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 14 d. Performance of three-pond system connected in series was evaluated at different HRTs of 21, 14, and 7 d. Results showed that increasing the HRT and area of duckweed pond to pond depth (A_duckweed/d_pond) ratio from 7 to 14 d and from 63.83 to 127.66 substantially increased the removal efficiency of COD_total from 59.7 ± 3.29 to 88.34 ± 1.82%, respectively, resulting an effluent quality of 13.6 ± 2.3 mg COD/L in the treated effluent. However, the removal efficiency of COD_total remained almost constant when increasing the HRT from 14 to 21 d and A_duckweed/d_pond from 127.66 to 191.49. This was not the case for nitrification efficiency, where ammonia removal increased from 32.6 ± 7.95 to 71.75 ± 6.1% and from 71.75 ± 6.1 to 85.6 ± 4.6% when increasing the HRT from 7 to 14 d and from 14 to 21 d, respectively.