Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are considered the most important vectors of arboviruses in the world. Aedes aegypti is the primary vector of dengue, urban yellow fever, chikungunya and zika in Brazil, and Ae. albopictus is considered a potential vector. Distribution patterns and the influence of climatic variables on the oviposition of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus were evaluated in Morretes, a tourist city in the coastal area of Paraná State, Brazil, which has recently been experiencing cases of dengue fever. Eggs were collected using ovitraps over a period of one year (September 2017 to September 2018) and reared from hatching until the emergence of the adults. Both Aedes species were found in anthropized areas with a high human density index. Findings suggest that the monthly average temperature (LRT = 16.65, p = 0.001) had significant positive influences on the oviposition of the Aedes species. Considering the wide distribution of DENV around the Paraná coast and the presence of Ae. albopictus alongside Ae. aegypti, studies on natural arbovirus infection patterns and seasonality are recommended in the region.

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), also called kala-azar, has been widely distributed in the Americas. In 2021, 93.5% of VL cases registered in the continent were reported in Brazil¹ 1. OPAS - Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde. Leishmanioses: informe epidemiológico das Américas. Nº 11, 2022. Available from: https://www.paho.org/pt/documentos/leishmanioses-informe-epidemiologico-das-americas-no-11-dezembro-2022. https://www.paho.org/pt/documentos/leish... . The etiological agent of VL in the Americas is the species Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum and its transmission is attributed to the species Lutzomyia (Lutzomyia) longipalpis and Lutzomyia (Lutzomyia) cruzi. However, in the last two decades, studies have presented evidence suggesting that other species of sand flies can function as vectors of L. infantum, such as Migonemyia migonei,² 2. Carvalho MR, Valença HF, Silva FJ, Pita-Pereira D, Araújo Pereira T, Britto C, et al. Natural Leishmania infantum infection in Migonemyia migonei (França, 1920) (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) the putative vector of visceral leishmaniasis in Pernambuco State, Brazil. Acta Trop. 2010; 116: 108-10. Pintomyia fischeri³ 3. Galvis-Ovallos F, Silva MD, Bispo GB, Oliveira AG, Neto JR, Malafronte RD, et al. Canine visceral leishmaniasis in the metropolitan area of São Paulo: Pintomyia fischeri as potential vector of Leishmania infantum. Parasite. 2017; 24: 2. and Nyssomyia neivai.⁴ 4. Dias ES, Michalsky ÉM, Nascimento JC, Castro Ferreira E, Lopes JV, Fortes-Dias CL. Detection of Leishmania infantum, the etiological agent of visceral leishmaniasis, in Lutzomyia neivai, a putative vector of cutaneous leishmaniasis. J Vector Ecol. 2013; 38: 193-6. ^,5 5. Lidani KCF, Andrade FAA, Tizzot MRPA, Costa-Ribeiro MCV, Beltrame MH, Messias-Reason IJ. Visceral leishmaniasis and natural infection rates of Leishmania in Lutzomyia longipalpis in Latin America. In: Claborn D. The epidemiology and ecology of leishmaniasis. Int Open. 2017; 59-69.

Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are the main vectors of arboviruses such as dengue, Zika virus, and chikungunya. Ae. aegypti is a widely spread mosquito in tropical and subtropical regions, whereas Ae. albopictus is a culicid of Asian origin that shows exophilic behavior and can be found in subtropical and temperate areas. Climatic factors could influence the distribution of both species, making them use genetic and environmental resources to adapt to the environment, activating survival mechanisms (embryonic dormancy) that increase the developmental period and keep their offspring in the environment. From this perspective, this review aimed to compare the different physiological mechanisms of embryonic dormancy between Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus and their impact on the development and environmental adaptability of these two species. A total of 62 articles were identified in the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases corresponding to the period from 1981 to 2021. In diapause, the results mentioned above are indirectly linked to temperature and directly linked to photoperiod variations. With regard to quiescence, temperature and humidity are directly related to the activation of this mechanism. In conclusion, it is essential to highlight the expansion of arboviruses such as dengue, chikungunya, yellow fever, and Zika virus and their relationship with embryonic dormancy, diapause and quiescence, extremely important strategies for Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus to keep their offspring in the environment under adverse conditions.