Migration is one of the most important issues in Turkey today. Notably, the state forest enterprises are affected by the social, economic, and ecological dimensions of migration; these enterprises find it increasingly difficult to find labor to operate effectively in the forestry activities with each passing day. This study examined population movement over the 1965–2013 period in Kastamonu forest villages to assess how topographical factors affected this movement. Kastamonu is the province in which most of Turkey’s forest products are produced, and 99% of the province’s rural population consists of forest villagers. This study investigated population fluctuations of 883 villages within and 137 villages adjacent to these forests and found a negative linear tendency in these populations. The purpose of this study is to identify a relationship between the decreasing population and the terrain of the forest villages (including aspect, slope, elevation, and distance to the provincial and district centers) using spatial, simple, and partial correlation analyses. The statistical analysis revealed a negative and significant relationship between population decrease and terrain. As a result, without taking the other reasons for migration into account, the tendency of the rural migration was determined to increase as the slope, elevation, and distance to the province centers increased. The basis for a predictive model of forest villagers’ migration might thus be created by this study. Also, the driving force of migration might be revealed through quantitative modeling, and this might help create more rational development plans and programs.

In the Kozak Basin, which is the most important pine nut production and trade center in Turkey, there has been a significant decrease in production recently. In this study, the perspectives of the farmers in this area were investigated, specifically about reasons for the decrease in yields. For this purpose, a face-to-face survey was conducted with 378 pine nut farmers from the Kozak Basin. It was determined that the average age of the farmers is high, their educational achievement level is low, they generally also work in alternative sectors and almost all of them grow pine nuts in their own pine groves. The farmers’ perception of cooperatives was found to be negative. In general, the local people continue to produce pine nuts in their own pine groves, but nearly half of the participants also worked in other sectors to maintain their standard of living. Farmers attribute the low yield in the Kozak Basin to both abiotic and biotic factors. Mining activities, which are increasing, are seen as a threat to the future of production in the area. Also, there is a growing perception of biotic harm, especially from Western Conifer Seed Bug, Leptoglossus occidentalis. Climate change and air pollution are other prominent factors.

Forestry is an important subject because it supplies wood and timber for direct human consumption, in addition to its positive effects on global warming and on bio-diversity, with a history dating back to antiquity. As a labor-intensive sector in developing countries, it maintains interactions with natural resources management, public relations and socio-economic structure. It can affect the prosperity of countries either positively or negatively. Hence, an analysis of the history of forestry bears importance because it not only sheds light on its past and present condition, but also explains the improvements for the protection of forests. Accordingly, in the first section of this study, general information on the Ottoman Land System and Ottoman Forestry Organization will be given. In the second section, we will treat 19th century westernization movements, as well as socio-cultural and economic changes. The third section will include significant regulations on forestry, forest management, and administration in the Ottoman Empire; as well as the influence of Ottoman forestry on the actual socio-economic structure. In the final section, under the title discussion and conclusion, Ottoman forestry will be examined regarding its consequences in terms of policy, economy and law.

After the 1970s, the energy demand for wood has increased, all over the world. After the 1990s, with the effect of increasing population, sustainability of forest resources has become crucial. According to FAO and UNEP (2020) the world's forests have decreased 4.74 million hectares in the last 10 years. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of meeting the raw material demand for wood from our natural forest resources in Turkey. Today, 11.8 million m3 of raw material is needed for the 21 Particle and Fibre Board enterprises in Turkey. The country has 22.9 million hectares, 1.7 billion m3 of forest assets. Raw material demand for wood is met by two different methods: importation or production. Although the need for raw materials is increasing day by day, it is seen that the import value has decreased from 1.5 billion dollars to 440 million dollars in the last 7 years, while the export value has increased by 250 million dollars. In the same period, the amount of industrial wood, produced by Turkey by using local resources, has increased by 11 million m3. In order to meet this demand, our state forests are seen as the first choice due to the high costs of import. Having this policy has two possible consequences. It causes a decrease in the number of species in mixed forests. The fact that the wood production capability of Turkey's forests is not sufficient to meet all the needs causes the future of our forest assets to be endangered.

Türkiye’de fıstıkçamı (Pinus pinea L.) kozalak hasadı geleneksel hasat yöntemleri ile gerçekleştirilmektedir. Fıstıkçamı kozalak hasadını gerçekleştiren kişilere “kozalak indirici” ya da “çam indirici” adı verilmektedir. Bu çalışmada Bergama ilçesi Kozak Yöresinde günümüzde devam eden “çam indiriciliği” işini gerçekleştiren aktörlerin sosyo-ekonomik özelliklerinin tespiti ve gerçekleştirdikleri işe yönelik görüş ve düşüncelerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu kapsamda, Kozak Yöresinde fıstıkçamı kozalağı hasadında indirici olarak çalışan 33 kişi ile yüz yüze anket yapılmıştır. Kozalak indiricilerin sosyo-demografik yapıları, indiricilik işini kimden öğrendikleri çam indirme ekiplerinin kimlerden oluştuğu ve görev dağılımı, hasat süresi, zamanı ve deneyimleri, fıstıkçamı ormanlarının konukçuluk yaptığı böceklerin görülme durumları sorgulanmıştır. Çalışmada, geleneksel olarak yapılan ve tehlikeli bir iş olduğu belirtilen indiriciliğin yörede kendi imkanları ile uzmanlaşmış ekipler tarafından yapıldığı, indirici takımlarının genellikle 4-5 kişiden oluştuğu ve takımların oluşmasında arkadaşlık ve akrabalık faktörünün öne çıktığı tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca Kozak Yöresinde indiricilerin önemli bir kısmının aile bireylerinden çam indiricilik işini öğrendikleri anlaşılmıştır. İndiricilerin yaklaşık yarısının çiftçilik dışında farklı sektörlerde çalıştığı ya da emekli olduğu ve ikinci işinin indiricilik olduğu görülmektedir. İndiricilik yüksek riskli bir iş olmasına karşılık kişisel koruyucu ekipman kullanımının yaygın olmaması iş kazası risklerini artırmaktadır. Çalışma sonucunda; orman-insan ilişkileri bakımından önemli bir değer olan ve geleneksel bir meslek olan çam indiriciliğin mensuplarının gün geçtikçe azalma eğiliminde olduğu tespit edilmiştir. İndiriciliğin kültürel bir değer olarak korunmasının yanında hayat boyu öğrenme çerçevesinde meslek mensuplarının gelişimine katkı sağlanması gerekmektedir. Bu faaliyetlerin kuşaktan kuşağa aktarılmasını garanti altına almak için yerel kurumlar başta olmak üzere ulusal ve uluslararası düzeyde girişimlerde bulunulmalıdır.