Food security has a bearing on national development and people's livelihoods and is an important guarantee of social stability for national development. The problems of arable land abandonment and non-grain are becoming more and more serious, and national food security is difficult to guarantee, which will seriously hinder the forward development of China's society and economy. Taking Ruijin City of Jiangxi Province as an example, this study calculated the abandonment level and non-grain level of arable land in Ruijin City respectively from two aspects, and explored the spatial differentiation law of farmland abandonment and non-grain level in the hilly and mountainous areas of southern Jiangxi Province by using spatial autocorrelation and cold and hot spot analysis methods, and the causes of arable land abandonment and non-grain spatial differentiation in the hilly mountainous areas of Gannan were revealed by the methods of Geodetector factor detection and interaction detection. Conclusions of the study: (1) Ruijin City, the abandoned area was 1216.73 hm², the abandonment rate of each village ranged from 0.01 % to 50.62 %, and the comprehensive abandonment rate was 4.90 %; the area of non-grain was 2937.27 hm², and the rate of non-grain of each village ranged from 0.01 % to 100.00 %, and the comprehensive non-grain rate was 11.83 %. The area of non-grain was 2937.27 hm², and the rate of non-grain in each village ranged from 0.01 % to 100.00 %, and the comprehensive rate of non-grain was 11.83 %. (2) The phenomenon of abandonment of arable land and non-grain in Gannan hilly and mountainous areas has a certain clustering and driving effect in space. Globally, the phenomena of arable land abandonment and non-grain in Ruijin City are positively correlated, with the global Moran's I of arable land abandonment rate being 0.05, and the global Moran's I of arable land non-grain being 0.73. (3) Whether or not arable land in the hilly mountainous areas of Gannan is abandoned is affected by the combination of socioeconomics, natural resources, farming conditions, and economic location, with elevation, the degree of arable land contiguity, and population density being the dominant factors. The interaction of elevation, degree of concentration and contiguity, field regularity, and per capita arable land area increased the spatial variability of arable land abandonment in the hilly mountainous areas of Gannan. Whether the phenomenon of non-grain occurs or not is affected by socio-economic conditions, farming conditions and economic location, of which the proportion of paddy fields, land transfer price, arable land area, and urban-rural gradient are the dominant factors. The proportion of paddy land, the price of land transfer, the area of arable land, and the urban-rural gradient interact with each other, and the tendency of arable land to be planted with non-grain crops is more serious.

With China’s urbanization process and changes in rural family structures, the abandonment of farmland in scattered villages within hilly mountainous regions is becoming an increasingly serious issue, restricting the improvement of land use efficiency. This study analyzes the basic characteristics and variations in abandoned farmland by conducting surveys and interviews with peasants in a scattered village in southern China. Using the Heckman two-stage model, we perform empirical analysis on the factors influencing farmland abandonment, addressing potential sample selection bias. The findings show the following: peasants with better health and higher education levels are more likely to transition to non-agricultural occupations which contributes to an increased abandonment of farmland. However, larger and more integrated land parcels, along with favorable farming conditions, help reduce abandonment. Additionally, rural land transfer and agricultural subsidies are important factors that enhance farmland utilization and mitigate abandonment. These results provide a reference for addressing the abandonment of farmland and improving both the farming environment and social policies in rural villages.

Introduction: Greenhouse cultivation modifies agricultural microclimates and may be associated with temporal changes in soil microbial communities. We investigated a representative vegetable greenhouse and an adjacent open-field site in the subtropical red-soil region of Jiangxi Province, China. Methods: Air temperature and relative humidity were monitored continuously for one year in both environments, while soil temperature and volumetric water content were monitored within the greenhouse. Monthly soil samples were analyzed using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Results: The greenhouse exhibited pronounced daytime warming, nighttime heat retention, and generally higher relative humidity. Soil bacterial community composition differed significantly between greenhouse and open-field soils, while alpha-diversity differences varied among seasons. Month-resolved analyses revealed significant temporal dynamics. Air temperature and relative humidity jointly explained 15.59% of the variation in bacterial community structure. Potential co-occurrence networks also differed between the two environments in topology and in the proportions of positive and negative correlations. Discussion: The results document year-round differences in microclimate and soil bacterial community dynamics between greenhouse and open-field cultivation environments. The measured atmospheric microclimate variables showed statistically detectable but limited associations with bacterial community composition, providing a basis for soil microbiome monitoring and environmental management in subtropical protected agriculture.

Investigating the coordination between greenhouse-oriented cultivated-land transformation and low-carbon agricultural emission performance is important for optimizing land use and advancing agricultural decarbonization. Using data for 31 mainland Chinese provinces in 2010, 2016, and 2022, this study constructs corresponding indices and examines their relationship using a coupling coordination model, spatial autocorrelation analysis, fixed-effects estimation, and a spatial Durbin model. The results show that greenhouse-oriented transformation increased but remained regionally uneven, with higher levels concentrated in eastern and northern coastal regions. The interprovincial mean of standardized agricultural carbon-emission intensity increased from 0.3225 in 2010 to 0.3557 in 2016, representing a 10.29% rise, before declining to 0.3279 in 2022—7.83% below the 2016 level but 1.66% above the 2010 level. Coupling coordination improved initially and subsequently entered a period of adjustment and convergence, while remaining predominantly low to moderate. It also exhibited significant positive spatial clustering. Rural economic development was negatively associated with local coordination, whereas population density showed a positive but model-sensitive association, and the urban–rural income gap produced limited spillover effects. The spatial autoregressive coefficient was insignificant. Facility-agriculture policies should therefore prioritize quality improvement, clean energy, input reduction, and resource efficiency rather than continued scale expansion.