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The purpose of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems are to create optimum thermal comfort and appropriate indoor air quality (IAQ) for occupants. Air ventilation systems can significantly affect the health risk in indoor environments, especially those by contaminated aerosols. Therefore, the main goal of the study is to analyze the indoor airflow patterns in the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems and the impact of outlets/windows. The other goal of this study is to simulate the trajectory of the aerosols from a human sneeze, investigate the impact of opening windows on the number of air changes per hour (ACH) and exhibit the role of dead zones with poor ventilation. The final goal is to show the application of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation in improving the HVAC design, such as outlet locations or airflow rate, in addition to the placement of occupants. In this regard, an extensive literature review has been combined with the CFD method to analyze the indoor airflow patterns, ACH, and the role of windows. The airflow pattern analysis shows the critical impact of inflow/outflow and windows. The results show that the CFD model simulation could exhibit optimal placement and safer locations for the occupants to decrease the health risk. The results of the discrete phase simulation determined that the actual ACH could be different from the theoretical ACH as the short circuit and dead zones affect the ACH.
Behrouz Pirouz; Stefania Palermo; Seyed Naghib; Domenico Mazzeo; Michele Turco; Patrizia Piro. The Role of HVAC Design and Windows on the Indoor Airflow Pattern and ACH. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7931 .
AMA StyleBehrouz Pirouz, Stefania Palermo, Seyed Naghib, Domenico Mazzeo, Michele Turco, Patrizia Piro. The Role of HVAC Design and Windows on the Indoor Airflow Pattern and ACH. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (14):7931.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBehrouz Pirouz; Stefania Palermo; Seyed Naghib; Domenico Mazzeo; Michele Turco; Patrizia Piro. 2021. "The Role of HVAC Design and Windows on the Indoor Airflow Pattern and ACH." Sustainability 13, no. 14: 7931.
The simulation of the ventilation and the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems of vehicles could be used in the energy demand management of vehicles besides improving the air quality inside their cabins. Moreover, traveling by public transport during a pandemic is a concerning factor, and analysis of the vehicle’s cabin environments could demonstrate how to decrease the risk and create a safer journey for passengers. Therefore, this article presents airflow analysis, air changes per hour (ACH), and respiration aerosols’ trajectory inside three vehicles, including a typical car, bus, and airplane. In this regard, three vehicles’ cabin environment boundary conditions and the HVAC systems of the selected vehicles were determined, and three-dimensional numerical simulations were performed using computational fluid dynamic (CFD) modeling. The analysis of the airflow patterns and aerosol trajectories in the selected vehicles demonstrate the critical impact of inflow, outflow, and passenger’s locations in the cabins. The CFD model results exhibited that the lowest risk could be in the airplane and the highest in the bus because of the location of airflows and outflows. The discrete CFD model analysis determined the ACH for a typical car of about 4.3, a typical bus of about 7.5, and in a typical airplane of about 8.5, which were all less than the standard protocol of infection prevention, 12 ACH. According to the results, opening windows in the cars could decrease the aerosol loads and improve the low ACH by the HVAC systems. However, for the buses, a new design for the outflow location or an increase in the number of outflows appeared necessary. In the case of airplanes, the airflow paths were suitable, and by increasing the airflow speed, the required ACH might be achieved. Finally, in the closed (recirculating) systems, the role of filters in decreasing the risk appeared critical.
Behrouz Pirouz; Domenico Mazzeo; Stefania Palermo; Seyed Naghib; Michele Turco; Patrizia Piro. CFD Investigation of Vehicle’s Ventilation Systems and Analysis of ACH in Typical Airplanes, Cars, and Buses. Sustainability 2021, 13, 6799 .
AMA StyleBehrouz Pirouz, Domenico Mazzeo, Stefania Palermo, Seyed Naghib, Michele Turco, Patrizia Piro. CFD Investigation of Vehicle’s Ventilation Systems and Analysis of ACH in Typical Airplanes, Cars, and Buses. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (12):6799.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBehrouz Pirouz; Domenico Mazzeo; Stefania Palermo; Seyed Naghib; Michele Turco; Patrizia Piro. 2021. "CFD Investigation of Vehicle’s Ventilation Systems and Analysis of ACH in Typical Airplanes, Cars, and Buses." Sustainability 13, no. 12: 6799.
Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) are proposed for sizing and simulating a clean energy community (CEC) that employs a PV-wind hybrid system, coupled with energy storage systems and electric vehicle charging stations, to meet the building district energy demand. The first ANN is used to forecast the energy performance indicators, which are satisfied load fraction and the utilization factor of the energy generated, while the second ANN is used to estimate the grid energy indication factor. ANNs are trained with a very large database in any climatic conditions and for a flexible power system configuration and varying electrical loads. They directly predict the yearly CEC energy performance without performing any system dynamic simulations using sophisticated models of each CEC component. Only eight dimensionless input parameters are required, such as the fractions of wind and battery power installed, yearly mean and standard deviation values of the total horizontal solar radiation, wind speed, air temperature and load. The Garson algorithm was applied for the evaluation of each input influence on each output. Optimized ANNs are composed of a single hidden layer with twenty neurons, which leads to a very high prediction accuracy of CECs which are different from those used in ANN training.
Domenico Mazzeo; Münür Sacit Herdem; Nicoletta Matera; Matteo Bonini; John Z. Wen; Jatin Nathwani; Giuseppe Oliveti. Artificial intelligence application for the performance prediction of a clean energy community. Energy 2021, 232, 120999 .
AMA StyleDomenico Mazzeo, Münür Sacit Herdem, Nicoletta Matera, Matteo Bonini, John Z. Wen, Jatin Nathwani, Giuseppe Oliveti. Artificial intelligence application for the performance prediction of a clean energy community. Energy. 2021; 232 ():120999.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDomenico Mazzeo; Münür Sacit Herdem; Nicoletta Matera; Matteo Bonini; John Z. Wen; Jatin Nathwani; Giuseppe Oliveti. 2021. "Artificial intelligence application for the performance prediction of a clean energy community." Energy 232, no. : 120999.
In recent years, research has shown a growing interest in the use of hybrid wind photovoltaic (PV) systems that provide better performance compared to the use of a single component due to complementarity in meeting electricity demand. Over the past twenty-five years, hundreds of articles have addressed the topic of hybrid systems considering different configurations and final uses and, over the past decades, many reviews have made a comprehensive summary of various results obtained. However, some reviews deal with the research in a too general and qualitative way, without providing quantitative data, and other reviews are too focused on a specific topic aspect. To provide a qualitative-quantitative prospect of the research trend in the last twenty-five years, the present work is aimed at carrying out a literature review and statistical analysis starting from data extracted from the 550 most relevant and recent articles concerning hybrid systems, published between 1995 and 2020. The review aim was to produce an upgradable matrix literature database that schematizes the content of all articles in terms of different categories, such as the geographical distribution, their component configurations, operating mode and the auxiliary components used to support it, their intended uses and study methodologies (simulation, experimental, economic, energy, environmental and social analysis etc.) and software used. In addition, all the optimization algorithm, energy, economic, environmental and social indicators available in the literature were extracted and elaborated to identify the most used. The 550 articles were analysed, compared, and classified into several categories to provide an overall framework of the state of the art. The objective is to clearly and appropriately show important trends and findings in the development of hybrid wind and solar PV experimental, simulation and optimization projects. Data are elaborated to obtain a statistical analysis for each category or a combination of categories. In particular, the analysis highlighted that research is more focused on testing systems in warm or temperate localities, with the Köppen climate groups B and C prevalent over the others. From the geographical point of view, Asia is the continent most involved in world research (with China, India and Iran the first three countries for total publications produced). However, also in other parts of the world, a growing interest was noticed in this technology. The prevalent tested system configuration mode is the stand-alone hybrid systems, in a wide variety of climates and especially for residential uses. Simulations are mostly implemented in the analysed publications, mainly through HOMER and MATLAB software. Parametric analysis is widely used for optimal system design with a large variety of techniques. In particular, the system performance is examined mostly from an energy point of view. Economic analysis is also very common, alone or in combination with energy analysis. The most frequently used optimization algorithms are the particle swarm optimization (PSO) and genetic algorithm (GA), while the loss of power supply probability (LPSP) and renewable fraction (RE) for the energy analysis, the net present cost (NPC) and cost of energy (COE) for the economic analysis and the emissions (E) of CO2 for the environmental analysis are most widespread indicators. Finally, an analysis on the size of the system components is performed to study which renewable source is more preferred at low and high installed power, for stand-alone, grid-connected systems and overall, considering different intended uses. The analysis highlights that PV systems are preferred at low installed powers, especially for residential use and stand-alone mode, while wind systems, in addition to being extensively used for low installed powers, demonstrates higher employment compared to PV systems as the power increases. The paper findings and upgradable matrix literature database are proposed as a valuable tool for engineers, experts and national and international policymakers.
Domenico Mazzeo; Nicoletta Matera; Pierangelo De Luca; Cristina Baglivo; Paolo Maria Congedo; Giuseppe Oliveti. A literature review and statistical analysis of photovoltaic-wind hybrid renewable system research by considering the most relevant 550 articles: An upgradable matrix literature database. Journal of Cleaner Production 2021, 295, 126070 .
AMA StyleDomenico Mazzeo, Nicoletta Matera, Pierangelo De Luca, Cristina Baglivo, Paolo Maria Congedo, Giuseppe Oliveti. A literature review and statistical analysis of photovoltaic-wind hybrid renewable system research by considering the most relevant 550 articles: An upgradable matrix literature database. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2021; 295 ():126070.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDomenico Mazzeo; Nicoletta Matera; Pierangelo De Luca; Cristina Baglivo; Paolo Maria Congedo; Giuseppe Oliveti. 2021. "A literature review and statistical analysis of photovoltaic-wind hybrid renewable system research by considering the most relevant 550 articles: An upgradable matrix literature database." Journal of Cleaner Production 295, no. : 126070.
EU Directives have reinforced both studies and research for the development of innovative technological solutions to improve building energy performance and to achieve a reduction in total energy consumption, with benefits in terms of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, as well as in economic terms
Domenico Mazzeo; Giuseppe Oliveti. Advanced Innovative Solutions for Final Design in Terms of Energy Sustainability of Nearly/Net Zero Energy Buildings (nZEB). Sustainability 2020, 12, 10394 .
AMA StyleDomenico Mazzeo, Giuseppe Oliveti. Advanced Innovative Solutions for Final Design in Terms of Energy Sustainability of Nearly/Net Zero Energy Buildings (nZEB). Sustainability. 2020; 12 (24):10394.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDomenico Mazzeo; Giuseppe Oliveti. 2020. "Advanced Innovative Solutions for Final Design in Terms of Energy Sustainability of Nearly/Net Zero Energy Buildings (nZEB)." Sustainability 12, no. 24: 10394.
In the last years, a significant interest in research in stand-alone (SA) and grid-connected (GC) photovoltaic (PV)-wind hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES) is observed for their complementary in the satisfaction of the electrical energy demand in many sectors. However, direct comparisons between the techno-economic performance of two system modes under the same operating conditions are rarely carried out. Additionally, most of the researches are limited to specific weather conditions. This work aims to bridge the lack of this type of investigations providing a worldwide techno-economic mapping and optimization of SA and GC PV-wind HRES to supply the electrical demand of an office building district. For this purpose, energy and economic optimization problems were formulated to find the optimal SA and GC systems worldwide among 343 HRES system power configurations located in 48 different localities, uniformly divided in the sub-group of the Koppen classification. The energy reliability and economic profitability of optimal systems were geographically mapped worldwide. In general, the energy or economic optimizations of SA HRES do not lead to highly profitable systems; instead, feed-in-tariff to sell the energy in excess assures viable GC HRES in many localities. However, economically optimal SA and GC HRES, respectively, do not everywhere comply with the threshold value of 70% of the satisfied energy required by the load and are characterized by a high level of energy exchanged with the grid. The study highlighted that the most suitable climate conditions to install a SA HRES are: (i) Toamasina (Madagascar) from an energy point of view, with 76% of load satisfied and 76% of the energy generated utilized to supply the load; (ii) Cambridge Bay (Canada) from an economic point of view, with 11.1% of the capital cost recovered each year; instead, the most suitable climate conditions to install a GC HRES are: (iii) New Delhi (India) from an energy point of view, with 48% of energy exchanged with the grid per each kWh required by the load; (iv) Lihue (Hawaii, United States) from an economic point of view, with 24.3% of the capital cost recovered each year.
Domenico Mazzeo; Nicoletta Matera; Pierangelo De Luca; Cristina Baglivo; Paolo Maria Congedo; Giuseppe Oliveti. Worldwide geographical mapping and optimization of stand-alone and grid-connected hybrid renewable system techno-economic performance across Köppen-Geiger climates. Applied Energy 2020, 276, 115507 .
AMA StyleDomenico Mazzeo, Nicoletta Matera, Pierangelo De Luca, Cristina Baglivo, Paolo Maria Congedo, Giuseppe Oliveti. Worldwide geographical mapping and optimization of stand-alone and grid-connected hybrid renewable system techno-economic performance across Köppen-Geiger climates. Applied Energy. 2020; 276 ():115507.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDomenico Mazzeo; Nicoletta Matera; Pierangelo De Luca; Cristina Baglivo; Paolo Maria Congedo; Giuseppe Oliveti. 2020. "Worldwide geographical mapping and optimization of stand-alone and grid-connected hybrid renewable system techno-economic performance across Köppen-Geiger climates." Applied Energy 276, no. : 115507.
Greenhouse crops represent a significant productive sector of the agricultural system; one of the main problems to be addressed is indoor air conditioning to ensure thermal well-being of crops. This study focuses on the ventilation analysis of solar greenhouse with symmetrical flat pitched roof and single span located in a warm temperate climate. This work proposes the dynamic analysis of the greenhouse modeled in TRNsys, simultaneously considering different thermal phenomena three-dimensional (3D) shortwave and longwave radiative exchange, airflow exchanges, presence of lamps with their exact 3D position, ground and plant evapotranspiration, and convective heat transfer coefficients. Several air conditioning systems were analyzed, automatic window opening, controlled mechanical ventilation systems (CMV) and horizontal Earth-to-Air Heat Exchanger (EAHX) coupled with CMV, for different air volume changes per hour. In summer, the exploitation of the ground allows having excellent results with the EAHX system, reducing the temperature peaks of up to 5 °C compared to the use of CMV. In winter, it is interesting to note that, although the EAHX is not the solution that raises the temperature the most during the day, its use allows flattening the thermal wave more. In fact, the trend is almost constant during the day, raising the temperature during the first and last hours of the day.
Sara Bonuso; Simone Panico; Cristina Baglivo; Domenico Mazzeo; Nicoletta Matera; Paolo Maria Congedo; Giuseppe Oliveti. Dynamic Analysis of the Natural and Mechanical Ventilation of a Solar Greenhouse by Coupling Controlled Mechanical Ventilation (CMV) with an Earth-to-Air Heat Exchanger (EAHX). Energies 2020, 13, 3676 .
AMA StyleSara Bonuso, Simone Panico, Cristina Baglivo, Domenico Mazzeo, Nicoletta Matera, Paolo Maria Congedo, Giuseppe Oliveti. Dynamic Analysis of the Natural and Mechanical Ventilation of a Solar Greenhouse by Coupling Controlled Mechanical Ventilation (CMV) with an Earth-to-Air Heat Exchanger (EAHX). Energies. 2020; 13 (14):3676.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSara Bonuso; Simone Panico; Cristina Baglivo; Domenico Mazzeo; Nicoletta Matera; Paolo Maria Congedo; Giuseppe Oliveti. 2020. "Dynamic Analysis of the Natural and Mechanical Ventilation of a Solar Greenhouse by Coupling Controlled Mechanical Ventilation (CMV) with an Earth-to-Air Heat Exchanger (EAHX)." Energies 13, no. 14: 3676.
Greenhouse technology is an important energy consumer sector representing an indispensable solution for modern methods of crop production. In the greenhouse envelope and system design phase, thermodynamic performance simulation tools are required. The greenhouse simulation is still a very complex task despite many building tools are available in the literature. This work aims to overcome this gap by proposing a reference methodology to accommodate the building TRNSYS software for a greenhouse able to consider simultaneously different thermal phenomena with detailed modelling of: dense volume discretization, 3D shortwave and longwave radiative exchange, air flow exchanges, presence of lamps with their exact 3D position, ground and plant evapotranspiration, and convective heat transfer coefficients. A standard hourly simulation of the one-zone greenhouse was validated with another recognized tool, showing excellent agreement throughout the year. The main parameters affecting the greenhouse thermal balance were investigated in both a free-floating and continuous regime. The investigation has shown that a standard simulation is accurate to only reproduce the thermal response in a free-floating regime; instead, the detailed simulation has led to overall cooling and heating energy needs in the continuous regime, respectively, of 51.4 kWh/m3 and 49.1 kWh/m3, avoiding to obtain very high errors.
Cristina Baglivo; Domenico Mazzeo; Simone Panico; Sara Bonuso; Nicoletta Matera; Paolo Maria Congedo; Giuseppe Oliveti. Complete greenhouse dynamic simulation tool to assess the crop thermal well-being and energy needs. Applied Thermal Engineering 2020, 179, 115698 .
AMA StyleCristina Baglivo, Domenico Mazzeo, Simone Panico, Sara Bonuso, Nicoletta Matera, Paolo Maria Congedo, Giuseppe Oliveti. Complete greenhouse dynamic simulation tool to assess the crop thermal well-being and energy needs. Applied Thermal Engineering. 2020; 179 ():115698.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCristina Baglivo; Domenico Mazzeo; Simone Panico; Sara Bonuso; Nicoletta Matera; Paolo Maria Congedo; Giuseppe Oliveti. 2020. "Complete greenhouse dynamic simulation tool to assess the crop thermal well-being and energy needs." Applied Thermal Engineering 179, no. : 115698.
One solution to achieving a large scale distribution, transportation and storage of renewable energy is methanol production from renewable-based power plants integrated with hydrogenation. In this study, a novel non-combustion heat-carrier biomass gasifier system is proposed, coupled with a large-scale solar power plant and alkaline water electrolysis system, for methanol production from syngas, water and carbon dioxide. Aspen Plus, MATLAB and TRNSYS are used to simulate and assess the performance of each component of the proposed system, under different climatic conditions of Toronto, Canada, and Crotone, Italy. In both localities, the best energy performance that minimizes the grid energy interaction factor is obtained with a photovoltaic station of 50.4 MW coupled to biomass gasification, which leads to 0.60 kWh and 0.57 kWh, respectively, in Toronto and Crotone, of electricity sent to or drawn from the grid for each kWh required by the electrolyser. However, higher profitability may be achieved in both localities with a single biomass gasification system which brings an enhanced benefit of 0.56 M€ in Toronto and 0.44 M€ in Crotone for each kW installed. It is expected that the developed modelling approach and these four newly formulated dimensionless indicators, i.e., the satisfied load fraction, utilization factor, grid energy interaction factor, and grid economic interaction value can be used to evaluate large-scale integrated renewable-based power systems.
Münür Sacit Herdem; Domenico Mazzeo; Nicoletta Matera; John Z. Wen; Jatin Nathwani; Zekai Hong. Simulation and modeling of a combined biomass gasification-solar photovoltaic hydrogen production system for methanol synthesis via carbon dioxide hydrogenation. Energy Conversion and Management 2020, 219, 113045 .
AMA StyleMünür Sacit Herdem, Domenico Mazzeo, Nicoletta Matera, John Z. Wen, Jatin Nathwani, Zekai Hong. Simulation and modeling of a combined biomass gasification-solar photovoltaic hydrogen production system for methanol synthesis via carbon dioxide hydrogenation. Energy Conversion and Management. 2020; 219 ():113045.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMünür Sacit Herdem; Domenico Mazzeo; Nicoletta Matera; John Z. Wen; Jatin Nathwani; Zekai Hong. 2020. "Simulation and modeling of a combined biomass gasification-solar photovoltaic hydrogen production system for methanol synthesis via carbon dioxide hydrogenation." Energy Conversion and Management 219, no. : 113045.
Outdoor and indoor thermal comfort in the built environment is a crucial factor impacting urban heat island (UHI), building energy consumption and occupant welfare. Building roofs are directly connected to these phenomena since high overheating on both surfaces can affect negatively all these aspects. Several innovative technologies, such as phase change material, green and cool roofs and so on, were proposed and investigated to address these environmental targets. However, an accurate design of traditional roofs is required to limit the use of these technically complex and expensive technologies. The main objective of this work is to study the role of the inclination and azimuth (orientation) of lightweight and heavyweight roofs, equipped or devoid of an insulation material during the cooling period in Italy and Greece. The investigation was carried out by means of a dynamic model in a steady periodic regime proposed by the authors that accurately takes into account all the building roof heat exchanges. The surface temperature fluctuations, in terms of amplitude and maximum peak, were employed to find the optimal configurations to mitigate the UHI effect and cooling load. In addition, the temperature decrement factor and time lag were used to summarise the overall roof thermal behaviour. The results showed that an accurate roof design leads to a reduction of the amplitude and maximum peak of the temperature on the external surface of 12.5 °C and on the internal surface of 4.7 °C. Instead, the decrement factor varies also of 29.9 % and the time lag of 7 h.
Domenico Mazzeo; Karolos J. Kontoleon. The role of inclination and orientation of different building roof typologies on indoor and outdoor environment thermal comfort in Italy and Greece. Sustainable Cities and Society 2020, 60, 102111 .
AMA StyleDomenico Mazzeo, Karolos J. Kontoleon. The role of inclination and orientation of different building roof typologies on indoor and outdoor environment thermal comfort in Italy and Greece. Sustainable Cities and Society. 2020; 60 ():102111.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDomenico Mazzeo; Karolos J. Kontoleon. 2020. "The role of inclination and orientation of different building roof typologies on indoor and outdoor environment thermal comfort in Italy and Greece." Sustainable Cities and Society 60, no. : 102111.
The growth of economies and the world population has led to an increase in the electricity demand, toward a disproportionate use of fossil fuels. The PV-wind hybrid system is considered an optimal solution in terms of technical efficiency and costs to reduce the use of fossil sources. The strong variability of renewable energies generated by solar and wind systems in different locations around the world sometimes leads to the need to use battery storage systems. In addition, the self-consumed energy produced by the hybrid system is strongly dependent on the load trend. Owing to the strong influence of the climatic conditions on a hybrid system energy performance, its optimal sizing is a very complex issue that must be addressed in each weather condition. This paper presents an energy feasibility study of a PV-wind-battery hybrid system considering different yearly climatic conditions in the world, according to the Koppen classification. The system is used to supply electrical energy to a district composed of five office buildings. The electrical load consists of artificial lighting systems, electrical office devices and electric vehicle charging stations. The effects produced by different yearly climatic conditions on three hybrid systems, characterized by the same overall nominal powers and different photovoltaic and wind nominal powers, were investigated. TRNSYS 17 was used for the dynamic simulation of the hybrid system. The overall aim is to identify the most proper climatic conditions by means of the optimization of several energy indicators: maximization of the self-consumed renewable energy and of the renewable energy produced utilized to supply the load, namely minimization of the energy imported from and exported to the grid. For this issue, a global indicator, that measures the energy exchange of the hybrid system and load with the grid, is proposed to select the optimal trade-off localities and hybrid systems.
Domenico Mazzeo; Cristina Baglivo; Nicoletta Matera; Paolo M. Congedo; Giuseppe Oliveti. Impact of climatic conditions of different world zones on the energy performance of the photovoltaic-wind-battery hybrid system. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 2020, 410, 012044 .
AMA StyleDomenico Mazzeo, Cristina Baglivo, Nicoletta Matera, Paolo M. Congedo, Giuseppe Oliveti. Impact of climatic conditions of different world zones on the energy performance of the photovoltaic-wind-battery hybrid system. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 2020; 410 (1):012044.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDomenico Mazzeo; Cristina Baglivo; Nicoletta Matera; Paolo M. Congedo; Giuseppe Oliveti. 2020. "Impact of climatic conditions of different world zones on the energy performance of the photovoltaic-wind-battery hybrid system." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 410, no. 1: 012044.
For the design of new buildings or buildings undergoing major renovations, the use of building performance simulation (BPS) tools is a key instrument to sizing the envelope or to select the best solution to be integrated. Nowadays, many BPS tools are available and are used by researchers and designers, each of which was independently validated, by considering different operating conditions, and rarely were directly compared in the same conditions. The objective of this work is to evaluate the prediction accuracy of the most popular BPS tools, namely TRNSYS, EnergyPlus and IDA ICE, by means of a comparison of the simulated results and the experimental measurements detected under real operating conditions. For this issue, two different small-scale solar test boxes (STBs) with one glazed wall exposed to the outdoor environment of Rome were employed for the experimental investigation. The envelope of the reference STB is insulated and made by conventional materials. In the other case, the STB floor is equipped also with a commercial phase change material (PCM) panel. Both STBs were equipped with a data acquisition system to detect the internal air temperature, the glass external and internal surface temperature and, for the PCM-based STB, also the PCM floor internal surface temperature. A wide description and comparison of the mathematical models used by the three BPS tools are provided, followed by a geometric, weather data, technical and heat transfer parameters alignment was developed to put all the tools in the same conditions. Three different experimental campaign periods were considered and used for the evaluation of each BPS tool accuracy. Some common accuracy indices were used for the comparison, such as the R2, RMSE and normalized RMSE, and an overall accuracy index that summarizes the previous ones in the different experimental campaign periods. The results have shown have highlighted the most accurate mathematical models for the prediction of the dynamic thermal behaviour of the STB in the absence and presence of a PCM. In the absence of PCM in the STB, all the three tools are comparable providing high overall accuracy index in all periods with a rank variable as a function of the period owing to the different treatment of the solar radiation modelling. In the presence of PCM in the STB, IDA ICE leads to the highest overall accuracy index in all periods. Unlike to IDA ICE, TRNSYS and EnergyPlus do not take into account the PCM hysteresis phenomenon. Instead, TRNSYS model provides the worst accuracy since it neglects both hysteresis and phase change temperature range, that is instead implemented both in IDA ICE and EnergyPlus. However, TRNSYS predictions can be retained acceptable for a preliminary evaluation since only low data and very low computational cost is required.
Domenico Mazzeo; Nicoletta Matera; Cristina Cornaro; Giuseppe Oliveti; Piercarlo Romagnoni; Livio De Santoli. EnergyPlus, IDA ICE and TRNSYS predictive simulation accuracy for building thermal behaviour evaluation by using an experimental campaign in solar test boxes with and without a PCM module. Energy and Buildings 2020, 212, 109812 .
AMA StyleDomenico Mazzeo, Nicoletta Matera, Cristina Cornaro, Giuseppe Oliveti, Piercarlo Romagnoni, Livio De Santoli. EnergyPlus, IDA ICE and TRNSYS predictive simulation accuracy for building thermal behaviour evaluation by using an experimental campaign in solar test boxes with and without a PCM module. Energy and Buildings. 2020; 212 ():109812.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDomenico Mazzeo; Nicoletta Matera; Cristina Cornaro; Giuseppe Oliveti; Piercarlo Romagnoni; Livio De Santoli. 2020. "EnergyPlus, IDA ICE and TRNSYS predictive simulation accuracy for building thermal behaviour evaluation by using an experimental campaign in solar test boxes with and without a PCM module." Energy and Buildings 212, no. : 109812.
Domenico Mazzeo; Cristina Baglivo; Nicoletta Matera; Paolo M. Congedo; Giuseppe Oliveti. A novel energy-economic-environmental multi-criteria decision-making in the optimization of a hybrid renewable system. Sustainable Cities and Society 2020, 52, 1 .
AMA StyleDomenico Mazzeo, Cristina Baglivo, Nicoletta Matera, Paolo M. Congedo, Giuseppe Oliveti. A novel energy-economic-environmental multi-criteria decision-making in the optimization of a hybrid renewable system. Sustainable Cities and Society. 2020; 52 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDomenico Mazzeo; Cristina Baglivo; Nicoletta Matera; Paolo M. Congedo; Giuseppe Oliveti. 2020. "A novel energy-economic-environmental multi-criteria decision-making in the optimization of a hybrid renewable system." Sustainable Cities and Society 52, no. : 1.
The use of wind speed probability density functions is a standard practice to represent different wind regimes. Generally, these regimes are distinguished by the following three characteristics: the shape of the distribution in the central wind speeds, amount of the calm wind speeds (CWS), and extreme wind speeds (EWS). An in‐depth review has highlighted that none of the parametric distributions available is suitable to represent the three main characteristics at the same time. To overcome this gap, the use of the corrected mixture of two truncated normal distributions (CMTTND) and corrected single truncated normal distribution (CTND) are proposed to represent, respectively, bimodal and unimodal wind speed distribution shapes. The CMTTND and CTND are obtained by introducing a correction, respectively, to the mixture of two truncated normal distributions (MTTND) and to the single truncated normal distribution (TND). The MTTND and TND permit an accurate representation of distributions with high levels of CWS. The CMTTND and CTND employ a new parameter, to accurately quantifying also the relative frequencies associated with EWS. The performance of the CMTTND and CTND was assessed using a goodness‐of‐fit (GOF) test and statistical measures of error in the evaluation of the characteristic mean wind speeds. The analytical expressions of these mean wind speeds are obtained and validated by a numerical integration method for the first time in this work. The accuracy of these distributions is compared with that of other conventional probability distribution models, of which three are unimodal and six bimodal, in four Italian locations and three American locations. The analysis of the results showed that the CTND and CMTTND allow obtaining high GOF of the experimental distributions with R2 and RMSE higher and lower than, respectively, 0.977 and 0.054. Moreover, the CTND results in the most accurate distribution in the estimation of the characteristic mean wind speeds in the case of localities with unimodal experimental distributions and the CMTTND in the case of localities with bimodal experimental distributions. Contrary to other distribution, CTND and CMTTND accuracies grow by increasing the grade of the characteristic mean wind speed by reaching also estimation values lower than 2% of the real ones. This is a great advantage in the wind energy source determination in a location since the available energy depends on the mean cubic wind speed.
Domenico Mazzeo; Giuseppe Oliveti; Alberta Marsico. A correction to the unimodal and bimodal truncated normal distributions for a more accurate representation of extreme and calm wind speeds. International Journal of Energy Research 2019, 1 .
AMA StyleDomenico Mazzeo, Giuseppe Oliveti, Alberta Marsico. A correction to the unimodal and bimodal truncated normal distributions for a more accurate representation of extreme and calm wind speeds. International Journal of Energy Research. 2019; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDomenico Mazzeo; Giuseppe Oliveti; Alberta Marsico. 2019. "A correction to the unimodal and bimodal truncated normal distributions for a more accurate representation of extreme and calm wind speeds." International Journal of Energy Research , no. : 1.
The increasingly widespread use of heat pumps (HPs) for the air conditioning of environments and electric vehicles (EVs) in urban contexts will lead in the short term to an increase in required electricity both on a scale of agglomeration of buildings and of a single building. To address this issue, in this work, an efficient renewable hybrid trigeneration system (RHTS) is analysed to be employed for heating and cooling air conditioning and electricity production. The electric energy is produced by means of an electric renewable hybrid system (ERHS), composed by photovoltaic (PV) and wind systems with a battery storage, which is employed to power the HP, an EV charging station and building electric devices. A methodology that employs different indicators, to be used both in a deterministic and statistical system analysis, was proposed to quantify the average reliability and reliability uncertainty of a hybrid system. In particular, in the statistical analysis, each indicator was subdivided into the average and uncertainty contribution, defined with two different perspectives. The first set of indicators allows quantification of the ERHS capability: to satisfy the overall load by means of the overall PV-wind fraction; to utilize the entire renewable energy produced by means of the utilization factor, to operate in nominal conditions by means of the dimensionless manufacturability; to cover the overall load over time by means of the overall time contemporaneity factor. The second set of indicators permits the comparison of the three different electric loads among them in terms of: renewable energy sent by the ERHS to each load by means of the energy contemporaneity factors; satisfaction of each single load by means of the PV-wind fractions; satisfaction of each single load in relation to the overall load by means of the weighted PV-wind fractions; satisfaction of each single load over time by means of the time contemporaneity factors. For this issue, a dynamic simulation tool, containing sophisticated models and proper algorithms and made up of three subroutines respectively for the building, HP and ERHS systems, was developed. In particular, a new algorithm to simulate the performance of a reversible multi-stage air-source HP was created. By considering an RHTS employed for supplying an office building energy demand located in the Mediterranean area, a weekly deterministic analysis has allowed evaluation of the reliability of the ERHS in the presence and absence of electric storage, while a yearly statistical analysis has allowed the identification of the system configurations with the highest average reliability and lowest reliability uncertainty by varying of the battery capacity, PV and wind power.
Domenico Mazzeo. Solar and wind assisted heat pump to meet the building air conditioning and electric energy demand in the presence of an electric vehicle charging station and battery storage. Journal of Cleaner Production 2018, 213, 1228 -1250.
AMA StyleDomenico Mazzeo. Solar and wind assisted heat pump to meet the building air conditioning and electric energy demand in the presence of an electric vehicle charging station and battery storage. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2018; 213 ():1228-1250.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDomenico Mazzeo. 2018. "Solar and wind assisted heat pump to meet the building air conditioning and electric energy demand in the presence of an electric vehicle charging station and battery storage." Journal of Cleaner Production 213, no. : 1228-1250.
Increasing costs of petroleum derivatives, limitations on pollutant emissions and development of photovoltaic (PV) and electrical storage systems make it possible to spread the use of electrically powered vehicles. In this work, a 3E (energy, economic and environmental) feasibility study was carried out regarding an nocturnal electric vehicle (EV) charging in a residential user. In particular, three different EV charging scenarios were considered: use of the grid; use of a grid-connected PV system with a storage battery; use of a grid-connected PV system with a storage battery in the presence also of a residential user. Two sub-scenarios were examined that foresee the purchase of the EV as an alternative to a vehicle powered, respectively, by petrol and diesel. By considering different daily average distances travelled, a parametric study was developed in order to assess the influence of the size of the PV and storage system on the load satisfaction and solar energy utilization, economic convenience and emission savings. In general, it is not possible to simultaneously comply with all the 3E objectives and constraints. However, it is possible to select optimal EV-PV-battery combinations from a unique point of view or those that lead to a trade-off.
Domenico Mazzeo. Nocturnal electric vehicle charging interacting with a residential photovoltaic-battery system: a 3E (energy, economic and environmental) analysis. Energy 2018, 168, 310 -331.
AMA StyleDomenico Mazzeo. Nocturnal electric vehicle charging interacting with a residential photovoltaic-battery system: a 3E (energy, economic and environmental) analysis. Energy. 2018; 168 ():310-331.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDomenico Mazzeo. 2018. "Nocturnal electric vehicle charging interacting with a residential photovoltaic-battery system: a 3E (energy, economic and environmental) analysis." Energy 168, no. : 310-331.
Electric production data of a grid-connected hybrid system are presented. The system consists of a photovoltaic generator, a wind micro-generator in the presence (HPWBS) or absence (HPWS) of an electric storage system. In such a system, the power generated by RES (renewable energy sources) is sent directly to balance the load. A residential use has been analysed in warm climate. The analysis has been carried out by TRNSYS 17 (Transient System Simulation) software and the mathematical modelling and the energy balance of the system have been shown in Mazzeo et al. (2018). The annual energy performance has been evaluated, in terms of dimensionless balance of the generated energy and dimensionless balance of the energy required by the load, for 375 hybrid system configurations. These configurations were obtained by varying the photovoltaic power, the wind power and the battery storage capacity, considering different hourly average daily values of the load.
Cristina Baglivo; Domenico Mazzeo; Giuseppe Oliveti; Paolo M. Congedo. Technical data of a grid-connected photovoltaic/wind hybrid system with and without storage battery for residential buildings located in a warm area. Data in Brief 2018, 20, 587 -590.
AMA StyleCristina Baglivo, Domenico Mazzeo, Giuseppe Oliveti, Paolo M. Congedo. Technical data of a grid-connected photovoltaic/wind hybrid system with and without storage battery for residential buildings located in a warm area. Data in Brief. 2018; 20 ():587-590.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCristina Baglivo; Domenico Mazzeo; Giuseppe Oliveti; Paolo M. Congedo. 2018. "Technical data of a grid-connected photovoltaic/wind hybrid system with and without storage battery for residential buildings located in a warm area." Data in Brief 20, no. : 587-590.
A multi-objective optimization for the dimensioning of hybrid photovoltaic-wind-battery systems HPWBS characterized by high-energy reliability is proposed. The energy reliability-constrained (ERC) method permits choosing the most proper indicators combination to be constrained or optimized as a function of the specific application. The ERC method is applicable to grid-connected and stand-alone hybrid systems with and without storage battery, for residential as well as for other users. The indicators defined are the energy missing to meet the load, or the energy produced in excess, or the manufacturability that characterized the system in relation to the available renewable sources and load. The ERC method was employed for the multi-objective optimization of a grid-connected hybrid system with and without storage battery for the electric energy supply to an urban residential building in a Mediterranean climate. A parametric analysis, for different loads, by varying the photovoltaic and wind power and the battery storage capacity, was developed to evaluate the annual energy reliability in a dimensionless form of 375 system configurations. The results allowed obtaining empiric correlations to be used in the system design. Finally, the ERC method application allowed achieving optimal system configurations with greater reliability compared with those provided by the Pareto-front method.
Domenico Mazzeo; Giuseppe Oliveti; Cristina Baglivo; Paolo M. Congedo. Energy reliability-constrained method for the multi-objective optimization of a photovoltaic-wind hybrid system with battery storage. Energy 2018, 156, 688 -708.
AMA StyleDomenico Mazzeo, Giuseppe Oliveti, Cristina Baglivo, Paolo M. Congedo. Energy reliability-constrained method for the multi-objective optimization of a photovoltaic-wind hybrid system with battery storage. Energy. 2018; 156 ():688-708.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDomenico Mazzeo; Giuseppe Oliveti; Cristina Baglivo; Paolo M. Congedo. 2018. "Energy reliability-constrained method for the multi-objective optimization of a photovoltaic-wind hybrid system with battery storage." Energy 156, no. : 688-708.
This work determines the effective thermal fields in a non-sinusoidal periodic regime, which form in a layer of phase change material (PCM) within which multiple solidification and melting bi-phase interfaces are present. The physical model used describes heat conduction in the solid phase and the liquid phase and the phase change at the melting temperature with the equation of thermal balance at the bi-phase interface. The resolution of the physical model, obtained by means of the finite difference numerical model, leads to equations for calculation of the temperature in the nodes in the solid phase and in the liquid phase, and the liquid fraction in the nodes in phase change at the melting temperature. The numerical model and the resolution algorithm were obtained by extending those proposed by Halford et al. (2009). In addition, the numerical model and the resolution algorithm proposed in this paper foresee: (i) the presence of one or more bi-phase interfaces in the layer; (ii) a non-uniform spatial discretization of the sub-volumes of the layer in order to obtain a more accurate representation of heat flux discontinuity in the sub-volumes involved in the phase change; (iii) the variability in space and time of the thermal resistances and the areal heat capacities as a function of the position of the bi-phase interfaces; (iv) the use of temperature and of the liquid fraction values in a node at two previous time instants to determine the thermodynamic state at the successive time instant; (v) different thermo-physical properties in the solid phase and in the liquid phase. The numerical model is validated by means of a comparison with an exact analytical solution, which resolves the Stefan problem in a finite layer in a steady periodic regime. The calculation procedure is employed for the study of the thermal behaviour of PCM layers, with different melting temperatures and thermo-physical properties, with boundary conditions typical of those operating on the external walls of air-conditioned buildings. This procedure allows for the determination, at different time instants of the period P = 24 h, of the position of the bi-phase interfaces present in the layer, the field of temperature and heat flux and the instantaneous energy released and stored by each interface. The numerical results reveal interesting phenomena that, for such boundary conditions and in such detail, have never been reported previously in the literature.
Domenico Mazzeo; Giuseppe Oliveti. Thermal field and heat storage in a cyclic phase change process caused by several moving melting and solidification interfaces in the layer. International Journal of Thermal Sciences 2018, 129, 462 -488.
AMA StyleDomenico Mazzeo, Giuseppe Oliveti. Thermal field and heat storage in a cyclic phase change process caused by several moving melting and solidification interfaces in the layer. International Journal of Thermal Sciences. 2018; 129 ():462-488.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDomenico Mazzeo; Giuseppe Oliveti. 2018. "Thermal field and heat storage in a cyclic phase change process caused by several moving melting and solidification interfaces in the layer." International Journal of Thermal Sciences 129, no. : 462-488.
The increasingly electric energy demand, owing to the widespread of use heat pumps and electric vehicles in urban contexts, in the next few years will require a strong employment of renewable energy systems and appropriate storage systems. The coupling of more renewable systems with storage systems allows mitigation of the high uncertainty and intermittence of the renewable resources and, therefore, the achievement of greater reliability in satisfying the load and reducing energy in excess. This work presents a dynamic and energy reliability analysis of a renewable hybrid trigeneration system (RHTS) consisting of a photovoltaic generator, a wind micro-generator and an electric storage battery (electric renewable hybrid system ERHS) used to supply a heat pump, electric office devices, and an electric vehicle charging station. The heat pump is employed for heating and cooling air-conditioning of an office building environment. The RHTS and subsystem grid-connected ERHS considered are employed to satisfy the reference office building energy demand in a Mediterranean area. The dynamic simulation results are employed to study the dynamic interaction between the ERHS with the three electric loads in different characteristic weeks. Different indices are defined and evaluated, in the absence and presence of a battery storage system, to identify the most contemporary load compared with the renewable sources availability and to determine the system energy reliability.
Domenico Mazzeo; Nicoletta Matera; Giuseppe Oliveti. Interaction Between a Wind-PV-Battery-Heat Pump Trigeneration System and Office Building Electric Energy Demand Including Vehicle Charging. 2018 IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2018 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe (EEEIC / I&CPS Europe) 2018, 1 -5.
AMA StyleDomenico Mazzeo, Nicoletta Matera, Giuseppe Oliveti. Interaction Between a Wind-PV-Battery-Heat Pump Trigeneration System and Office Building Electric Energy Demand Including Vehicle Charging. 2018 IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2018 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe (EEEIC / I&CPS Europe). 2018; ():1-5.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDomenico Mazzeo; Nicoletta Matera; Giuseppe Oliveti. 2018. "Interaction Between a Wind-PV-Battery-Heat Pump Trigeneration System and Office Building Electric Energy Demand Including Vehicle Charging." 2018 IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2018 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe (EEEIC / I&CPS Europe) , no. : 1-5.