Various optimization strategies are reviewed and summarized to formulate design principles for layered oxide cathodes for sodium-ion batteries.

Sodium‐ion batteries (NIBs) have emerged as a promising alternative to commercial lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) due to the similar properties of the Li and Na elements as well as the abundance and accessibility of Na resources. Most of the current research has been focused on the half‐cell system (using Na metal as the counter electrode) to evaluate the performance of the cathode/anode/electrolyte. The relationship between the performance achieved in half cells and that obtained in full cells, however, has been neglected in much of this research. Additionally, the trade‐off in the relationship between electrochemical performance and cost needs to be given more consideration. Therefore, systematic and comprehensive insights into the research status and key issues for the full‐cell system need to be gained to advance its commercialization. Consequently, this review evaluates the recent progress based on various cathodes and highlights the most significant challenges for full cells. Several strategies have also been proposed to enhance the electrochemical performance of NIBs, including designing electrode materials, optimizing electrolytes, sodium compensation, and so forth. Finally, perspectives and outlooks are provided to guide future research on sodium‐ion full cells.

In this work, the Cu single-atom catalysts (SACs) supported by metal-oxides (Al₂O₃-Cu_SAC, CeO₂-Cu_SAC, and TiO₂-Cu_SAC) are used as theoretical models to explore the correlations between electronic structures and CO₂RR performances. For these catalysts, the electronic metal-support interaction (EMSI) induced by charge transfer between Cu sites and supports subtly modulates the Cu electronic structure to form different highest occupied-orbital. The highest occupied 3d_yz orbital of Al₂O₃-Cu_SAC enhances the adsorption strength of CO and weakens C-O bonds through 3d_yz-π* electron back-donation. This reduces the energy barrier for C-C coupling, thereby promoting multicarbon formation on Al₂O₃-Cu_SAC. The highest occupied 3d_z2 orbital of TiO₂-Cu_SAC accelerates the H₂O activation, and lowers the reaction energy for forming CH₄. This over activated H₂O, in turn, intensifies competing hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), which hinders the high-selectivity production of CH₄ on TiO₂-Cu_SAC. CeO₂-Cu_SAC with highest occupied 3d_x2-y2 orbital promotes CO₂ activation and its localized electronic state inhibits C-C coupling. The moderate water activity of CeO₂-Cu_SAC facilitates *CO deep hydrogenation without excessively activating HER. Hence, CeO₂-Cu_SAC exhibits the highest CH₄ Faradaic efficiency of 70.3% at 400 mA cm⁻².