As a forefront energy storage technology, lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) have garnered immense attention across diverse applications, including electric vehicles, consumer electronics, and medical devices, owing to their exceptional energy density, minimal self‐discharge rate, high open circuit voltage, and extended lifespan. However, despite their remarkable advancements and widespread commercialization, LIBs continue to face critical challenges, particularly the demand for even higher energy density, which inhibits their performance in high‐power applications such as electric and hybrid electric vehicles. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of the fundamental limitations hindering LIBs from achieving superior energy density and long‐term electrochemical stability. The discussion is systematically structured around four key components: cathode materials, anode materials, separators, and current collectors, with a particular emphasis on the challenges, emerging strategies, and future perspectives. By delving into recent breakthroughs in novel material architecture, electrode design optimizations, and the selection of advanced separators and current collectors, this work provides an in‐depth examination of innovative approaches aimed at enhancing battery performance. Furthermore, this review explores pivotal factors such as interfacial stability, ion transport kinetics, and degradation mechanisms that significantly impact the longevity, safety, and efficiency of LIBs. By critically evaluating these aspects, it offers valuable insights into the trajectory of LIB development, helping to shape the next generation of high‐performance energy storage solutions.

Today’s wearable electronics have dramatically altered our daily lives and created an urgent demand for new and intelligent sensor technologies. As a new energy source, self-powering sensors are currently seen as critically important units for wearable and non-wearable textile–electronic systems. To this aim, this paper presents a smart textile-based piezoelectric energy-autonomous harvester and a self-powered sensor for wearable application, where the sandwich structure of the wearable sensor consists of top and bottom textile conductors, and in between the two textile electrodes there is a piezoelectric PVDF thin film. The generating voltage, current, charge, power, and capacitor charging–discharging behaviour of the device were confirmed using multimeter, oscilloscope, Keithley, etc., analyses. Finally, a piezoelectric-textile sensor was integrated into wearable clothes for breathing detection; a shoe insole for footstep recognition; and it can store energy by tapping, to power electronics, such as a calculator, timer, LED, etc., at a later time. The sensitivity of the sensor was enough for generating voltage from a tiny water droplet. Thus, we can assume raindrops to be utilized as a power-generating source on days when no sun is available to solar cells.

Owing to the lack of early diagnosis and delayed arrival at the hospital, diseases are often not identified in a timely manner, leading to prolonged patient suffering and an elevated mortality rate. In addition, the majority of diagnostic technologies currently employed for biomarker analysis depend on invasive procedures that require piercing body tissue to collect biofluids. Such biofluid collection methods are not only painful but also pose considerable risks for infants and babies. Therefore, wearable non-invasive biosensors have emerged as highly promising technological solutions, capable of providing real-time information about an individual’s health without necessitating any tissue disruption. This innovative approach not only ensures patient safety and comfort but also mitigates prolonged patient suffering. This chapter encompasses the geometrical design of wearable non-invasive biosensors and their fabrication process. Furthermore, the fundamental principles, advanced nanomaterials, biorecognition, non-enzymatic processes, and associated electronic modules are thoroughly discussed.