Electrospinning is a technique that enables the production of nano- and microfibrillar patterns that mimic the native extracellular matrix. However, these nanofibrous structures often lack mechanical properties suitable for reproducing the behavior of structurally complex tissues. Therefore, achieving more accurate and precise geometric structures be-comes a key challenge. In this context, additive manufacturing techniques such as 3D printing may allow for the development of tailored structures with highly controlled ar-chitecture and improved mechanical strength. However, in contrast with electrospinning, these techniques are commonly considered “low-resolution” techniques, unable to ma-nipulate structural details at the submicrometric scale. Hence, this review aims to intro-duce and discuss recent technological approaches based on combining these technologies for scaffold development in tissue engineering, detailing some distinct integration strate-gies correlating the outcomes to the benefits and drawbacks. Finally, a comprehensive analysis of the current state of the art in the registered intellectual property related to these integrated approaches will be proposed, assessing their distribution by geographic region and analyzing the main trends over time and future fallouts.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized with plants are widely used in different industries, such as the medical, industrial, and food industries; however, their hazards and risks remain unclear. Here, we aimed to evaluate the toxicological effects of AgNPs in both in vitro and in vivo models. Previously, we developed and characterized green synthesized AgNPs based on Stenocereus queretaroensis (S. queretaroensis). The present study evaluates the toxicity of these AgNPs through cytotoxicity and mutagenicity tests in vitro, as well as genotoxicity tests, including the evaluation of acute oral, dermal, and inhalation toxicity, along with dermal and ocular irritation, in vivo, according to guidelines of The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). We evaluated cell cytotoxicity in L929 cells, and the half-maximal inhibitory concentration was 134.76 µg/mL. AgNPs did not cause genotoxic or mutagenic effects. Furthermore, in vivo oral, dermal, and acute inhalation toxicity results did not show any adverse effects or mortality in the test animals, and after the dermal and ocular irritation assessments, the in vivo models did not exhibit irritation or corrosion. Therefore, the results show that these previously synthesized S. queretaroensis AgNPs do not represent a risk at the tested concentrations; however, little is known about the effects that AgNPs induce on physiological systems or the possible risk following long-term exposure.