The problem of an unsteady 3D boundary layer flow induced by a stretching sheet in a rotating hybrid nanofluid is studied. A dimensionless set of variables is employed to transform the system of partial differential equations (PDEs) to a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Then, the system of ODEs is solved numerically using the MATLAB software. The impacts of different parameters, such as copper nanoparticles volume fraction, radiation, rotation, unsteadiness, and stretching parameters are graphically displayed. It is found that two solutions exist for the flow induced by the stretching sheet. Furthermore, the increasing nanoparticle volume fraction enhances the skin friction coefficient. It is noticed that the skin friction coefficient, as well as the heat transfer rate at the surface, decrease as the rotating parameter increases. Additionally, the thermal radiation as well as the unsteadiness parameter stimulate the temperature.

Hybrid nanofluids may exhibit higher thermal conductivity, chemical stability, mechanical resistance and physical strength compared to regular nanofluids. Our aim in this study is to investigate the flow of a water-based alumina-copper hybrid nanofluid in an inclined cylinder with the impact of buoyancy force and a magnetic field. The governing partial differential equations (PDEs) are transformed into a set of similarity ordinary differential equations (ODEs) using a dimensionless set of variables, and then solved numerically using the bvp4c package from MATLAB software. Two solutions exist for both buoyancy opposing (λ < 0) and assisting (λ > 0) flows, whereas a unique solution is found when the buoyancy force is absent (λ = 0). In addition, the impacts of the dimensionless parameters, such as curvature parameter, volume fraction of nanoparticles, inclination angle, mixed convention parameter, and magnetic parameter are analyzed. The results of this study compare well with previously published results. Compared to pure base fluid and regular nanofluid, hybrid nanofluid reduces drag and transfers heat more efficiently.

This research investigated the convective boundary layer flow and heat transfer of Williamson hybrid ferrofluid over a permeable stretching sheet with thermal radiation effects. Human blood is employed as a based fluid while magnetite (Fe3O4) and copper (Cu) are taken as the hybrid ferroparticle. The study started with transforming the non-linear partial differential equation system that governed the model to a more convenience non-linear dimensionless ordinary differential equations using the similarity transformation. The transformed equations obtained then are solved numerically using the Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg (RKF45) method in Maple software. The characteristics and effects of stretching parameter, permeability parameter, thermal radiation parameter as well as the ferroparticle volume fraction in the Williamson hybrid ferrofluid towards the temperature profiles, velocity profiles as well as the Nusselt number and the skin friction coefficient are analysed and discussed. The result of this research for various pertinent parameter varies differently. It can be concluded that the increase in magnetic parameter, the Williamson parameter, the stretching parameter, and the permeability rate parameter increase the skin friction and reduced the velocity profile. Furthermore, the increase in stretching parameter, thermal radiation parameter and the permeability rate results to the increase in the Nusselt number.

The present research investigated the characteristics of convective boundary layer flow and heat transfer of the blood carrying ferroparticle modelled known as the non-Newtonian Williamson hybrid ferrofluid. The fluid flow and the heat transfer of a stagnation point over a stretching surface are considered. The similarity transformation approach is used to reduce the partial differential equation system to an ordinary differential equation. The transformed equations are then solved numerically by Runge-Kutta-Felberg (RKF45) method in Maple software. The flow characteristic and the heat transfer of the non-Newtonian Williamson hybrid nanofluid are tested from various pertinent fluid parameters. The temperature distribution, velocity profiles, as well as variation of the Nusselt number and the skin friction coefficient are analysed and discussed. The study reveals that the non-Newtonian Williamson Hybrid ferrofluid potentially provided better performance in heat transfer capability compared to ferrofluid with the same volume of nanoparticle volume fraction.

The boundary layer flow with heat and mass transfer are important since the quality of final product depends on factors such as the rate of cooling and stretching phenomenon. The pivotal aim of this research is to address magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) copper-aluminium oxide hybrid nanoparticles containing gyrotactic microorganisms over a stretching vertical cylinder with suction. The mathematical model has been formulated based on Tiwari-Das nanofluid model. Two types of nanofluid containing Copper (Cu) and Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3) immersed in water is considered in this study. In the analysis, the governing partial differential equations (PDEs) are transformed into a set of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) by a similarity transformation. Corresponding boundary conditions are analysed numerically along with these equations and are programmed in MATLAB software through the bvp4c method to obtain the solutions. The numerical solutions are obtained for the skin friction coefficient, the local Nusselt number, local Sherwood number and local density of motile microorganism as well as velocity, temperature, concentration, and microorganism profiles. The present analysis is validated by comparing with previously published work and found to be in good agreement. The effects of the parameter are analysed and discussed. According to the findings, suction increases shear stress, heat transport rate, mass transfer, and mass diffusivity. Moreover, hybrid nanofluid was discovered to be faster than nanofluid in terms of transit rate. Furthermore, the local density motile microorganism bioconvection Peclet number and bioconvection Lewis number increased.

This study investigates the magnetohydrodynamics of a micropolar fluid consisting of a hybrid nanofluid with mixed convection effects. By using the dimensionless set of variables, the resulting equations of ordinary differential equations are solved numerically using the bvp4c solver in MATLAB. In the present work, the water-based alumina–copper hybrid nanofluid is analytically modeled with modified thermophysical properties. The study reveals that the highest critical value of opposing flow is the hybrid nanofluid (ϕ₁ = ϕ₂ = 2%). By comparing the hybrid nanofluid with Cu–water nanofluid (ϕ₁= 0%, ϕ₂= 1%) as well as water (ϕ₁= 0%, ϕ₂= 0%), hybrid nanoparticle volume fraction enhances the dynamic viscosity performance and surface shear stress. In addition, the augmentation of the nanoparticle volume fraction and magnetic field parameter will increase the physical quantities Re_x^1/2 C_f, Re_x M_x, and Re_x^−1/2 Nu_x. The result from the stability inquiry discloses that the first solution is more physically stable and trustworthy. It is proven that magnetohydrodynamics could contribute to controlling the fluid flow in a system, i.e., engineering operations and the medical field. In addition, this theoretical research can be a benchmark for experimental research.