The notion of the bioeconomy has gained importance in both research and policy debates over the last decade, and is frequently argued to be a key part of the solution to multiple grand challenges. Despite this, there seems to be little consensus concerning what bioeconomy actually implies. Consequently, this paper seeks to enhance our understanding of what the notion of bioeconomy means by exploring the origins, uptake, and contents of the term “bioeconomy” in the academic literature. Firstly, we perform a bibliometric analysis that highlights that the bioeconomy research community is still rather fragmented and distributed across many different fields of science, even if natural and engineering sciences take up the most central role. Secondly, we carry out a literature review that identifies three visions of the bioeconomy. The bio-technology vision emphasises the importance of bio-technology research and application and commercialisation of bio-technology in different sectors of the economy. The bio-resource vision focuses on processing and upgrading of biological raw materials, as well as on the establishment of new value chains. Finally, the bio-ecology vision highlights sustainability and ecological processes that optimise the use of energy and nutrients, promote biodiversity, and avoid monocultures and soil degradation.

This paper revisits the theoretical concepts of lock-in mechanisms to analyse transitionprocesses in energy production and road transportation in the Nordic countries, focussingon three technology platforms: advanced biofuels, e-mobility and hydrogen and fuel cellelectrical vehicles. The paper is based on a comparative analysis of case studies.The main lock-in mechanisms analysed are learning effects, economies of scale,economies of scope, network externalities, informational increasing returns, technologi-cal interrelatedness, collective action, institutional learning effects and the differentiationof power.We show that very different path dependencies have been reinforced by the lock-inmechanisms. Hence, the characteristics of existing regimes set the preconditions for thedevelopment of new transition pathways. The incumbent socio-technical regime is not justfossil-based, but may also include mature niches specialised in the exploitation of renew-able sources. This implies a need to distinguish between lock-in mechanisms favouringthe old fossil-based regime, well-established (mature) renewable energy niches, or newpathways