To explore the lightweight structures with excellent vibration and acoustic properties, corrugated composite panels with different fiber reinforcements, i.e., carbon and glass fibers, were designed and fabricated using a modified vacuum-assisted resin infusion (VARI) process. The vibration and sound transmission loss (STL) of the corrugated composite panels were investigated via mode and sound insulation tests, respectively. Meanwhile, finite element models were proposed for the verification and in-depth parametric studies. For the vibration properties of the corrugated composite panels, the results indicated that the resin layer on the panel surface, despite the extremely low thickness, showed a significant effect on the low-order bend modes of the entire structure. In addition, the difference in the mode frequency between the panels consisting of different fiber types became more and more apparent with the increase of the frequency levels. For the sound insulation property of the panel, the initial frequency of the panel’s resonant sound transmission can be conveniently increased by increasing the layer thickness of surface resin, and the fraction of fiber reinforcements is the most predominant factor for the sound insulation property, which was significantly improved by increasing the thickness of the fiber cloth. This work can provide fundamental support for the comprehensive design of vibration and acoustics of the composite sandwiched panel.