This research was aimed at investigating the features of free radical activity and the parameters of glutathione metabolism in tumor tissues and the peritumoral zone at different degrees of glial tumor anaplasia. We analyzed postoperative material from 20 patients with gliomas of different degrees of anaplasia. The greatest differences compared to adjacent noncancerous tissues were found in the tumor tissue: an increased amount of glutathione and glutathione-related enzymes at Grades I and II, and a decrease of these parameters at Grades III and IV. For the peritumoral zone of Grades I and II, the indices changed in different directions, while for Grades III and IV, they occurred synchronously with the tumor tissue changes. For Low Grade and High Grade gliomas, opposite trends were revealed regarding changes in the level of glutathione and the enzymes involved in its metabolism and in the free radical activity in the peritumoral zone. The content of glutathione and the enzymes involved in its metabolism decreased with the increasing degree of glioma anaplasia. In contrast, free radical activity increased. The glutathione system is an active participant in the antioxidant defense of the body and can be used to characterize the cell condition of gliomas at different stages of tumor development.

Burn injury represents a complex trauma involving numerous local and systemic pathological alterations, which are frequently exacerbated by the phenomenon of burn wound conversion or secondary deepening. Conventional clinical management relies heavily on the application of skin grafts, which primarily serve to provide temporary wound coverage and environmental isolation. However, such grafting procedures often prove insufficiently effective and fail to prevent the progression of the burn wound. While contemporary tissue engineering strategies aim to correct specific pathological processes, they fall short of achieving complete and functional restoration of the skin. Consequently, there is a pressing need for the development of novel therapeutic interventions capable of exerting a multifactorial influence on the regeneration process. A promising avenue of research involves microRNA-based therapeutics. These RNA molecules function as master regulators of gene expression, capable of simultaneously modulating entire clusters of genes implicated in wound regeneration and the prevention of burn wound conversion. Therapeutic strategies focused on the targeted delivery of microRNAs to the wound bed hold the potential for creating effective treatment modalities that surpass existing options and effectively prevent burn deepening. This review consolidates current knowledge on the pathogenesis of burn wounds, elucidates the complex interplay between genes and microRNAs during tissue regeneration and describes both existing and experimental microRNA-based delivery approaches aimed at minimizing burn-related complications and enhancing the quality of tissue repair.

This research aimed to investigate the relationships between the parameters of glutathione metabolism and the immunohistochemical characteristics of glial tumors. Postoperative material from 20 patients with gliomas of different grades of anaplasia was analyzed. Bioinformatic analysis of the interactions between the gliomas’ immunohistochemical markers and their glutathione-dependent enzymes was carried out using the STRING, BioGrid, while Signor databases revealed interactions between such glioma markers as IDH and p53 and the glutathione exchange enzymes (glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferase). The most pronounced relationship with glutathione metabolism was demonstrated by the level of the nuclear protein Ki67 as a marker of proliferative activity, and the presence of the IDH1 mutation as one of the key genetic events of gliomagenesis. The glutathione system is an active participant in the body’s antioxidant defense, involving the p53 markers and MGMT promoter methylation. It allows characterization of the gliomal cells’ status at different stages of tumor development.

Background. The peritumoral zone contributes to the progression of gliomas due to its altered metabolism. Superoxide dismutase is one of the main antioxidant defense enzymes; it may be related to gliomagenesis, since the activation of free radical oxidation provokes tumor transformation of cells. Aim. Analysis of superoxide dismutase activity in different areas of the tumor depending on the status of gliomas molecular genetic markers. Material and methods. The surgical material of 20 patients with gliomas of various degrees of anaplasia was analyzed. The brain tissue of people who died as a result of trauma (6 people) served as a control. The status of tumor markers was assessed immunohistochemically. Superoxide dismutase activity and free radical activity were determined in tumor and brain tissue homogenates using Fe-induced biochemiluminescence. For statistical analysis, the computer program StatPlus 6 with the Analyst Soft Inc package was used. Data analysis was carried out using nonparametric methods of statistical processing of the material using nonparametric criteria (MannWhitney U test, KolmogorovSmirnov test, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient). Results. With active tumor growth (Grade IV), free radical activity and superoxide dismutase activity in the peritumoral zone were higher than in intact tissue. Superoxide dismutase activity in the peritumoral zone showed significant correlations: positive with the cell proliferation marker Ki-67 (rs=0.858) and negative with mutations in the isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) gene (rs=0.514) and methylation of the O-6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase promoter (rs=0.766). The activity of the peritumoral zone enzyme differed depending on the molecular genetic profile of gliomas. Bioinformatic analysis of interactions between superoxide dismutase and molecular genetic markers of gliomas using the STRING, BioGrid, Signor, and SignaLink databases revealed the presence of mediated interactions with IDH1 with a clustering coefficient of 0.945. This level of clustering indicates the biological relationship of IDH1 with the main enzymes of the antioxidant system, superoxide dismutase and catalase. Conclusion. Significant correlations of superoxide dismutase activity in the peritumoral zone with the status of a tumor markers number and significant differences in enzyme activity in groups depending on the molecular genetic profile suggest the importance of assessing superoxide dismutase activity as a factor in the gliomas progression.

This review systematizes the principal methods for imaging and morphological analysis of burn wounds, ranging from light, electron, and fluorescence microscopy to tomographic techniques and mass spectrometry imaging. Light microscopy with histological staining and immunohistochemistry remains the morphological gold standard, enabling visualization of the zones of coagulation, stasis, and hyperemia, as well as molecular characterization of inflammation, angiogenesis, and fibrosis. Electron microscopy allows the study of the ultrastructure of cells and the extracellular matrix at nanometer resolution. Among optical methods, wide-field indocyanine green angiography demonstrates high accuracy in burn depth stratification, whereas fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy assesses cellular metabolism without exogenous labels. Among tomographic techniques, high-frequency ultrasound is the most accessible bedside modality with submillimeter resolution, permitting evaluation of tissue anatomy, perfusion, and biomechanical properties. magnetic resonance imaging is limited by its high cost and long examination time, while mass spectrometry imaging is used solely for research purposes. For clinical practice, the optimal combination is high-frequency ultrasound and wide-field fluorescence imaging. All methods retain high relevance for experimental research, enabling the validation of novel therapeutic strategies.