The subfamily Epyrinae is the most common in the bethylid fossil record. Its geological history ranges from the Eocene to the Pleistocene, and it is the only subfamily that has no records in the Cretaceous. Here we revise, diagnose and illustrate known epyrine fossil wasps. A new genus is proposed, †Gloxinius Colombo & Azevedo gen. nov., to contain the species †Gloxinius bifossatus (Brues, 1939 Brues, C. T. 1939. New Oligocene Braconidae and Bethylidae from Baltic amber. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 31, 251–263. doi:10.1093/aesa/32.2.251 [Crossref] , [Google Scholar] ) comb. nov., transferred from Epyris Westwood, 1832 Westwood, J. O. 1832. Descriptions of several new British forms amongst the parasitic hymenopterous insects. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, 1, 127–129. doi:10.1080/14786443208647849 [Taylor & Francis Online] , [Google Scholar] . The species †Chlorepyris concaptus (Brues, 1933 Brues, C. T. 1933. The parasitic Hymenoptera of the Baltic amber. Part I. Bernstein-Forschungen, 3, 4–172. [Google Scholar] ) comb. nov., †Chlorepyris invelatus (Brues, 1933 Brues, C. T. 1933. The parasitic Hymenoptera of the Baltic amber. Part I. Bernstein-Forschungen, 3, 4–172. [Google Scholar] ) comb. nov. and †Chlorepyris setosus (Brues, 1933 Brues, C. T. 1933. The parasitic Hymenoptera of the Baltic amber. Part I. Bernstein-Forschungen, 3, 4–172. [Google Scholar] ) comb. nov. are transferred from Epyris Westwood, 1832 Westwood, J. O. 1832. Descriptions of several new British forms amongst the parasitic hymenopterous insects. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, 1, 127–129. doi:10.1080/14786443208647849 [Taylor & Francis Online] , [Google Scholar] to Chlorepyris Kieffer, 1913a Kieffer, J. J. 1913a. Nouveaux microhyménoptères de l'Afrique équatoriale. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria della R. Scuola Superiore d'Agricultura, 7, 105–112. doi:10.5281/zenodo.23805 [Crossref] , [Google Scholar] . Three species are transferred from Epyris Westwood, 1832 Westwood, J. O. 1832. Descriptions of several new British forms amongst the parasitic hymenopterous insects. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, 1, 127–129. doi:10.1080/14786443208647849 [Taylor & Francis Online] , [Google Scholar] to Pristocerinae: †Merascylla Colombo & Azevedo gen. nov. is proposed to contain †Merascylla atavella (Cockerell, 1920 Cockerell, T. D. A. 1920. Fossil arthropods in the British Museum, I. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 5, 273–279. doi:10.1080/00222932008632376 [Taylor & Francis Online] , [Google Scholar] ) comb. nov., and †Pseudisobrachium elatus (Brues, 1933 Brues, C. T. 1933. The parasitic Hymenoptera of the Baltic amber. Part I. Bernstein-Forschungen, 3, 4–172. [Google Scholar] ) comb. nov. and †Pseudisobrachium inhabilis (Brues, 1923 Brues, C. T. 1923. Some new fossil parasitic Hymenoptera from Baltic amber. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 58, 327–346. doi:10.2307/20025999 [Crossref] , [Google Scholar] ) comb. nov. are transferred to Pseudisobrachium Kieffer, 1904a Kieffer, J. J. 1904a. Descriptions de nouveaux Dryinidae et Bethylidae du Musée Civique de Gênes. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di genova, 41, 351–412. [Google Scholar] . One species is transferred from Epyris Westwood, 1832 Westwood, J. O. 1832. Descriptions of several new British forms amongst the parasitic hymenopterous insects. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, 1, 127–129. doi:10.1080/14786443208647849 [Taylor & Francis Online] , [Google Scholar] to Scleroderminae: †Mael Colombo & Azevedo gen. nov. is proposed to contain †Mael longiceps (Brues, 1923 Brues, C. T. 1923. Some new fossil parasitic Hymenoptera from Baltic amber. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 58, 327–346. doi:10.2307/20025999 [Crossref] , [Google Scholar] ) comb. nov. Ten new species are described from Baltic and Rovno ambers: †Chlorepyris deploegi Colombo & Azevedo sp. nov., †Chlorepyris engeli Colombo & Azevedo sp. nov., †Chlorepyris hopei Colombo & Azevedo sp. nov., †Chlorepyris jouaulti Colombo & Azevedo sp. nov., †Chlorepyris mckellari Colombo & Azevedo sp. nov., †Chlorepyris meunieri Colombo & Azevedo sp. nov., †Chlorepyris neli Colombo & Azevedo sp. nov., †Chlorepyris perrichoti Colombo & Azevedo sp. nov., †Holepyris rasnitsyni Colombo & Azevedo sp. nov. and †Holepyris terayamai Colombo & Azevedo sp. nov. The species †Laelius nudipennis Brues, 1933 Brues, C. T. 1933. The parasitic Hymenoptera of the Baltic amber. Part I. Bernstein-Forschungen, 3, 4–172. [Google Scholar] is no longer classified as Bethylidae and it is transferred to Platygastroidea incertae sedis. Eighty-one fossil species are now recognized in Bethylidae, with 30 belonging to Epyrinae and distributed within six genera. A key for fossil epyrines is provided. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank:org:pub:A7481392-3BD2-45F3-A035-34E515A34218

The flat wasps Bethylidae are a cosmopolitan family of aculeate ectoparasitoid of Coleoptera and Lepidoptera larvae. There are only 73 fossil species so far. Here, we provide a synopsis of the fossil pristocerine, which are those with strongly sexual dimorphism. Comments for all earlier described species are given. Two new genera and two species from Burmese and Taimyr ambers are described and illustrated, †Ekaterina volgatitan Colombo, Gobbi and Azevedo gen. et sp. nov. and †Uniceratops trex Colombo, Gobbi and Azevedo gen. et sp. nov. Four new species from Baltic and Rovno ambers are described and illustrated, †Cleistepyris allosaurus Colombo, Gobbi and Azevedo sp. nov., †Cleistepyris baryonyx Colombo, Gobbi and Azevedo sp. nov., †Pseudisobrachium megalosaurus Colombo, Gobbi and Azevedo sp. nov., †Pseudisobrachium stegosaurus Colombo, Gobbi and Azevedo sp. nov. The species Eleganesia electriphila (Cockerell) is transferred to Foenobethylus and has to be considered Foenobethylus electriphilus (Cockerell) comb. nov. The species Pseudisobrachium oligocenicum Théobald must be excluded from Bethylidae and has to be considered as Hymenoptera incertae sedis. The genus Cleistepyris is recorded for the Old World in the first time. A key for fossil pristocerine is provided. http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:03A13860-9AA3-4234-A3BE-5300ACC87BE5

The flat wasps, Bethylidae, are cosmopolitan and one of the most diverse families of Chrysidoidea. Bethylidae have 2,920 described extant species and almost 90 fossil species. The oldest geological record of the family is the Lower Cretaceous, from Lebanese and Spanish ambers and Transbaikalian rock fossils. Here we describe and illustrate one new fossil subfamily of Bethylidae: †Elektroepyrinae subfam. nov. represented by †Elektroepyris Perrichot & Nel from the lowermost Eocene Oise amber (France), which was cladistically assessed against all other eight subfamilies of Bethylidae. The new taxon is easily distinguished from other subfamilies by the forewing venation with the third abscissa of Cu present. Phylogenetic analyses support the monophyly of all subfamilies of Bethylidae, with a matrix with 69 morphological characters and 22 terminal taxa from where †Elektroepyrinae subfam. nov. emerged as independent lineage from all other subfamilies.

A synopsis of the fossil flat wasps sclerodermine is provided. Four new species and one new genus from Baltic amber are described and illustrated, Archaeonoxus Colombo and Azevedo gen. nov., Archaeonoxus scintillatus Colombo and Azevedo sp. nov., Allobethylus bei Colombo and Azevedo sp. nov., Glenosema electrum Colombo and Azevedo sp. nov., and Nothepyris pretiosus Colombo and Azevedo sp. nov. http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:8E61B328-ED45-40D6-A060-2D704AD0C38A

A new extinct bethylid wasp attributable to the subfamily Scleroderminae is described from upper Eocene amber found at the Voronki mine in the Vladimirets District of the northwestern Rovno region, western Ukraine. The distribution of Scleroderminae in tropical and temperate regions is discussed. Three species of Bethylinae, seven species of Epyrinae, and three Pristocerinae have already been described from the same amber-bearing deposits demonstrating the rich diversity of Eocene Bethylidae. Wesley D. Colombo [wesleycolombo@gmail.com], Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil; Evgeny E. Perkovsky [perkovsk@gmail.com], Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine; Dmitry V. Vasilenko [damageplant@mail.ru] Borissiak Palaeontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia and Cherepovets State University, Cherepovets, Russia.

Despite significant advances in alpha level taxonomy in the past few decades, the higher‐level phylogeny of flat wasps (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) remains poorly explored. Herein we provide the first phylogenomic assessment of the family based on data from ultraconserved elements for 96 species in 61 genera of the family, with material from 29 countries and all biogeographic regions. Dataset cutoffs including ultraconserved element loci recovered for 50 and 70% of terminals resulted in matrices with 1513 and 451 loci, which were analysed in both parsimony and maximum likelihood frameworks. We also provide the first analyses of divergence dating for the family based on the calibration of 12 nodes. All analyses recovered the Bethylidae as a monophyletic group and estimated the origin of the family at around 143 Ma. The results suggest that all extant subfamilies had already diversified by the Late Cretaceous. All topologies suggest that Glenosema and Chilepyris form a clade separate from other Scleroderminae; owing to the morphological distinctiveness of each genus, we propose that they are accommodated in two new subfamilies, Glenoseminae subf. nov. and Chilepyrinae subf. nov. The monotypic sclerodermine genus Galodoxa was consistently recovered within Epyrinae and is transferred to the latter subfamily.