Tarama modelli araştırmamızın amacı, lise 1. Sınıfta öğrenim gören erkek ve kadın öğrencilerin cinsiyet, okul türü, okul dışında aktif spor yapma durumları gibi değişkenlere göre beden eğitimi ve spora ilişkin tutumlarının karşılaştırılmasıdır. Araştırmamızın evrenini devlet okullarından 117 kadın ve 130 erkek toplam 247 öğrenci, özel okullardan 122 kadın ve 131 erkek toplam 253 lise 1.sınıf öğrencisi oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada, Demirhan ve Altay (2001) tarafından geliştirilen Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Tutum Ölçeği (BESTÖ) kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada öğrencilerin cinsiyeti, okul türü ve okul dışında aktif spor yapıp yapmama durumunu tespit etmek amacıyla kişisel bilgi formu geliştirilmiştir. Verilerin analizinde kişisel bilgiler için betimsel istatistik yöntemlerinden frekans (n), yüzde (%), aritmetik ortalama (X) ve standart sapma (Ss) kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre; kadın ve erkek öğrencilerin tutum puanları karşılaştırıldığında erkek öğrencilerin tutumlarının kadın öğrencilere göre daha yüksek olduğu görülmüştür. Öğrencilerin spor yapıp yapmama durumlarına göre beden eğitimi ve spor dersine yönelik tutumları incelendiğinde; anlamlı bir farkın olduğu görülmektedir (p0.05). Anket sorularından, Beden eğitimi ve spor eğitimi dersinde korku hissine kapılırım, beden eğitimi dersinde çok sıkılırım, beden eğitimi dersinden daima sıkılırım, sorularına verilen yanıtlar tamamen katılmıyorum ve katılmıyorum cevaplarında yoğunlaşmıştır. Okul ders programlarının her yılında beden eğitimi ve spor dersi olmalıdır, sorusuna öğrencilerin verdikleri cevaplara bakıldığında tamamen katılıyorum ve katılıyorum cevabını verdikleri görülmektedir.

Background and Study Aim: Heart rate variability (HRV) provides information about sympathetic-parasympathetic balance. The effects of different types of physical exercises on HRV have been investigated so far. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the chronic effects of six-week slow and controlled breathing exercise on HRV in physically active, healthy adults. Material and Methods: A total of 22 individuals (11 female, 11 male) participated in the study voluntarily. The experimental group (EG) attended to the breathing exercises for 15 minutes per day, three days a week for six weeks. Neither the EG nor the control group (CG) did join in any regular physical activity program during the study. Both groups participated in the HRV measurements before and after the six-week of process. Results: Only the EG showed statistically significant changes in some HRV parameters. The alterations observed in LF:HF ratio, HFnu, and LFnu parameters were to reflect the increase in parasympathetic activity. Although the changes in the other parameters of HRV such as SDNN, SDSD, RMSSD, TP, HF, LF, and VLF were also related to increased vagal activity, these alterations were not significant. However, no significant change was found in the CG. Conclusions: These results show that only the slow, controlled breathing exercises for six weeks could be used to improve parasympathetic activity in physically active individuals. A study could be designed where the duration is kept over 8 weeks, and the effects of physical exercises only, breathing exercises only, and physical + breathing exercises together on HRV are examined.

Relative Age Effects (RAEs) have been widely reported trends in basketball participation, but research on the relationship between RAEs and competitive performance has been contradictory. We aimed to determine the magnitude of RAEs in elite youth basketball players and to analyze RAEs on key performance indicators (KPIs). We recorded and analyzed the incidence of early birthdates and the KPIs of 2487 youth basketball players (aged 16–19 years). We evaluated RAEs by means of the incidence of early birthdates using (i) Chi-square (χ ² ) goodness-of-fit tests to compare player differences in birthdate quartiles and (ii) Poisson regression analysis to evaluate birthdates as a continuous variable. We conducted Kruskal-Wallis tests separately for each age group to assess possible relationships between birthdate quartile differences and KPIs. We observed consistent moderate RAEs across all ages. The Poisson regression analysis showed that athletes born near the beginning of the year were 4.6–8.4 times more likely to have been included on the squad than athletes born towards the end of the year. We observed no significant differences between KPIs for differently aged athletes. However, 16-year-old athletes with first quartile birthdates showed higher KPIs than those with fourth quartile birthdates of the same calendar year. The potential bases for RAEs are complex and include the characteristic demands of sports competition at various competition levels and athletes’ ages, individual factors and social factors. We discuss these and other potential bases. Basketball coaches and managers should keep RAEs in mind when selecting youth players to avoid a selection bias towards players born at the beginning of the year which may close out training opportunities and cause drop outs for talented but slightly younger players.

This study aims to determine the social status of sports and discuss sports as a social event, phenomenon and institution. Society is a composition of real relations and values effecting individuals. Social status, on the other hand, is a concept which determines the situation and status of the individual in the society. Sportsmanship is a status that the individual can gain by his education, abilities and efforts. The way individuals acquire their social status can be considered as a development criterion. Social event is an occurrence which derives from interactions among individuals and happens only once. Separate changes happening are tangible and specific occasions. Societies consist of institutions. Social institution can be defined as a constitution of relations, values, norms, statues, roles, groups and establishments which organize the social structure and are accepted and adopted by the majority of the society in the scope of their basic needs. Sport is not only a social event, but also a social phenomenon and a social institution. A sports event in a particular place at a particular time is tangible and specific. It can be seen, heard and perceived. Thus, it is a social event. Sport, in its general meaning, is intangible, as well. It evolves out of observation and experience, forms basis for thinking and research, expresses continuity and determination; it is a series of events. Thus, it is a social phenomenon, as well. On the other hand, sport is one of the oldest and basic social institutions. Like all social institutions, it has arisen from social needs. It will exist as a social institution as long as these needs are there and sports can satisfy them. Sport is a fundamental part of the social integrity. Sociologically, while dealing with sporting procedures, we shall not ignore the mutual relations and connections between events and phenomena.

The purpose of this study was to investigation of the effect of six weeks electrostimulation training on physical changes in the sedentary men and women. Electro muscle stimulation (EMS), which is applied since the discovery of contraction under the influence of electrical currents, on the purpose of rehabilitation and treatment purposes, has attracted the attention of coaches, athletes and sports scientists as a popular training method over time. In the present research, 6 weeks, 3 days a week and for 25 minutes in a day of EMS machine training program was applied to the sedentary women n=12 and sedentary men n=12. In order to determine effect of EMS machine training on the physical changes which are body mass, % body fat, fat mass, body mass index, total body water, fat free mass, muscle mass, Tanita (SC-300) Body Composition Analyzer was used as a pre-test and post-test. The results of the Tanita body measurements were analyzed by using SPSS computer program, the standard deviations were calculated, and pre- and post-training statistical paired samples T Test analysis were made. According to SPSS analysis results, there are statistically significant increases in the % body fat, fat mass, soft muscle tissues, extracellular and intracellular liquid weights and cell mass weights (p0.05). Only EMS training has increased the maximum power associated with sports, due to the increase in the speed of movement. In addition, the stronger long-term effects of EMS training provide new opportunities, as determined by the duration of the training. The right application of full-body EMS training with dynamic exercise movements is a promising combination for power and speed training.

The purpose of this study was to investigtate the attitudes of physical education (PE) teacher candidates studying at Akdeniz University, Faculty of Sport Sciences towards folk dance lesson. A total of 140 female and 160 male students at Akdeniz University Faculty of Sport Sciences participated in the research. In particular, a total of 92 students except from the Depertment of Physical Education and Sports stated that they have received educational formation training. Folk Dance Lesson Attitude Scale for Physical Education Teacher Candidates developed by Turan (2015) and consisting of 13 items was used to measure the attitudes of PE teacher candidates towards the folk dance lesson. In the statistical analyses, descriptive statistics (frequency (f), percentage (%)) and inferential statistics T-Test and ANOVA tests were used. SPSS 22.0 statistical program was used, and the statistical significance level was set at p<0.05 in all evaluations. A statistically significant difference was found between the attitudes of the teacher candidates participating in the research towards the folk dance lesson according to the gender variable in favor of female students. According to the variable of experience in the folk dance course participation of the pre-service teachers, a statistically significant difference was determined between their attitudes towards the folk dance course in favor of the students who had previous course experience. As a result of the examination of the difference between the attitudes of teacher candidates towards the folk dance lesson according to the department variable, there was a statistically significant difference between the students in the Department of PE and Sports and the Department of Coaching Education. This difference was noted in favor of the students in the Department of PE and Sports..