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Urban sub-surface environments have consistently been used to house a wide variety of urban infrastructure, but often developed in a relatively haphazard way. An important aspect to overcome this is an enriched understanding of the current and potential future uses. Therein Geoscientific information should be considered indispensable, if this space is to be developed in a resilient and sustainable way. This will require a clear understanding of what is or could be located within underground space, together with its properties, in order to assess its true potential as an urban resource. This information will inform urban developmental choices allowing sustainable and resilient development of underground space use to take place regardless of what the future may hold. However, such information needs to be integrated into decision support systems for conventional types of underground construction, in order for any development to occur in a consistent and manageable way. This paper presents the development of a new sustainable underground use resilience evaluation (SUURE) framework that will allow the quantification of both spatial and temporal impacts of today’s underground urban (re)development solutions, in light of future economic, environmental and social changes. The framework uses a broad range of plausible, yet divergent future scenarios in order to ensure core objectives of sustainability and resilience are met. Within this paper it is used to evaluate the utilisation of Multi-Utility-Tunnels – MUT’s (i.e. flush-fitting, shallow and deep) in Birmingham Eastside, UK, as an alternative utility placement technique to traditional (open-cut) trenching. The flush-fitting MUT was found to be having the highest overall baseline (i.e. present-day) performance with a resilience index ratio of 0.739 (mean value), the shallow MUT came second at 0.656, and the deep MUT came last at 0.212.
L.O. Makana; Ian Jefferson; D.V.L. Hunt; Christopher Rogers. Assessment of the future resilience of sustainable urban sub-surface environments. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 2016, 55, 21 -31.
AMA StyleL.O. Makana, Ian Jefferson, D.V.L. Hunt, Christopher Rogers. Assessment of the future resilience of sustainable urban sub-surface environments. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology. 2016; 55 ():21-31.
Chicago/Turabian StyleL.O. Makana; Ian Jefferson; D.V.L. Hunt; Christopher Rogers. 2016. "Assessment of the future resilience of sustainable urban sub-surface environments." Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 55, no. : 21-31.
The challenge of feeding nine billion people by 2050, in a context of constrained resources and growing environmental pressures posed by current food production methods on one side, and changing lifestyles and consequent shifts in dietary patterns on the other, exacerbated by the effects of climate change, has been defined as one of the biggest challenges of the 21st century. The first step to achieve food security is to find a balance between the growing demand for food, and the limited production capacity. In order to do this three main pathways have been identified: employing sustainable production methods in agriculture, changing diets, and reducing waste in all stages of the food chain. The application of an energy, water and food nexus (EWFN) approach, which takes into account the interactions and connections between these three resources, and the synergies and trade-offs that arise from the way they are managed, is a prerequisite for the correct application of these pathways. This work discusses how Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) might be applicable for creating the evidence-base to foster such desired shifts in food production and consumption patterns.
Valeria De Laurentiis; Dexter V.L. Hunt; Christopher D.F. Rogers. Overcoming Food Security Challenges within an Energy/Water/Food Nexus (EWFN) Approach. Sustainability 2016, 8, 95 .
AMA StyleValeria De Laurentiis, Dexter V.L. Hunt, Christopher D.F. Rogers. Overcoming Food Security Challenges within an Energy/Water/Food Nexus (EWFN) Approach. Sustainability. 2016; 8 (1):95.
Chicago/Turabian StyleValeria De Laurentiis; Dexter V.L. Hunt; Christopher D.F. Rogers. 2016. "Overcoming Food Security Challenges within an Energy/Water/Food Nexus (EWFN) Approach." Sustainability 8, no. 1: 95.
Christopher J. Bouch; Richard Kenny; Dexter Hunt; Tommy Wallace; Christopher D. F. Rogers; Susan Lee. A Novel Methodology for the Application of Middle-Out, Model-Based Systems Engineering Techniques for City Waste Management Systems Development. INCOSE International Symposium 2015, 25, 697 -711.
AMA StyleChristopher J. Bouch, Richard Kenny, Dexter Hunt, Tommy Wallace, Christopher D. F. Rogers, Susan Lee. A Novel Methodology for the Application of Middle-Out, Model-Based Systems Engineering Techniques for City Waste Management Systems Development. INCOSE International Symposium. 2015; 25 (1):697-711.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChristopher J. Bouch; Richard Kenny; Dexter Hunt; Tommy Wallace; Christopher D. F. Rogers; Susan Lee. 2015. "A Novel Methodology for the Application of Middle-Out, Model-Based Systems Engineering Techniques for City Waste Management Systems Development." INCOSE International Symposium 25, no. 1: 697-711.
Well-functioning 'liveable' cities should be sustainable and their consumption of natural resources and production of waste must fit within the capacities of the local, regional and global ecosystems. It is increasingly becoming suggested that an Urban Metabolism (UM), approach could help city decision-makers (e.g. planners) take account of numerous critical influencing factors related to the inward outward flow(s) of natural resources (e.g. food, water and energy) and accumulation of waste. The paper identifies the precursory step for any UM study (Mass Flow Analysis - MFA) and applies it to a case study (Birmingham, UK) in order to show how it could contribute to the measurement, assessment and understanding of liveability, defined as 80% reduction in carbon (from 1990 levels); resource secure (an ethos of One planet living); with maintained or enhanced wellbeing. By provided focus upon an individual resource stream (i.e. water) at multiple scales (city to individual) it is shown that MFA can be used as a starting point to develop realistic and radical engineering solutions. However further work is required for it to be truly reflective of broader aspects of urban liveability.
Dexter Hunt; Joanne Leach; Susan Lee; Chris Bouch; Peter Braithwaite; Chris Rogers. Material Flow Analysis (MFA) for Liveable Cities. Proceedings of The 4th World Sustainability Forum 2014, 1 .
AMA StyleDexter Hunt, Joanne Leach, Susan Lee, Chris Bouch, Peter Braithwaite, Chris Rogers. Material Flow Analysis (MFA) for Liveable Cities. Proceedings of The 4th World Sustainability Forum. 2014; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDexter Hunt; Joanne Leach; Susan Lee; Chris Bouch; Peter Braithwaite; Chris Rogers. 2014. "Material Flow Analysis (MFA) for Liveable Cities." Proceedings of The 4th World Sustainability Forum , no. : 1.
The food/water/energy nexus is the study of the interactions and connections between these three resources, the synergies and tradeoffs that arise from the way they are managed, and the potential areas of conflict. The core of nexus thinking is that no good results can be achieved from considering these resources independently, which means that food security cannot be achieved in a context of either/both water or/and energy insecurity. All three elements have to be assured to foster sustainability, resilience, prosperity and peace. In this paper attention is focused on the challenges posed by this nexus on achieving food security, which is embodied in the first Millennium Development Goal (MDG), which seeks to halve the number of hungry people in the world between 1990 and 2015. The primary aim of the paper is to identify how the nexus mentality underlies most of the pathways that have been proposed to achieve this goal. It argues that significant shortfalls exist and need to be addressed: there is still no generally accepted definition, and identifiable metrics for assessing the extent to which a food system fosters food security are lacking. Such metrics are necessary when evaluating alternative strategies and negotiating trade-offs therein.
Valeria De Laurentiis; Dexter Hunt; Christopher Rogers. Food Security Challenges: Influences of an Energy/Water/Food Nexus. Proceedings of The 4th World Sustainability Forum 2014, 1 .
AMA StyleValeria De Laurentiis, Dexter Hunt, Christopher Rogers. Food Security Challenges: Influences of an Energy/Water/Food Nexus. Proceedings of The 4th World Sustainability Forum. 2014; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleValeria De Laurentiis; Dexter Hunt; Christopher Rogers. 2014. "Food Security Challenges: Influences of an Energy/Water/Food Nexus." Proceedings of The 4th World Sustainability Forum , no. : 1.
Stormwater run-off generally refers to pluvial, i.e. rainfall related, water that does not soak into the ground at the point at which it falls. The volume and timing of stormwater run-off, specifically from roof tops is highly important to urban flood control and its capture has the potential for non-potable uses within (e.g. for WC flushing and for washing machines) and outside the home (e.g. car washing and garden watering). The former runs a risk of flash floods where local and downstream stormwater (or combined sewer) systems become overburdened in times of extreme rainfall events. The later will influence potential future urban water supplies, which is particularly important at time(s) where mains water availability is scarce (e.g. times of drought or when the national demand for water in the UK increases beyond supply capabilities) population. Rainwater harvesting (RWH) systems can benefit flood risk and water supply however their ability to do either / both is dependent on the subtleties of filling and emptying (i.e. stored water volume or spare storage capacity) which are not fully understood, particularly in peak flow events. Through the use of five years worth of daily rainfall data for Birmingham (2007 - a record breaking year for UK flooding, to 2011) these subtleties are investigated through a sensitivity type analysis of tank size, occupancy rates and technology efficiency. The results show that RWH tanks sized according to BS8515 would not have been capable of capturing rainfall that fell in peak flow events. Moreover not all yearly non-potable demands would have been met. If tanks were over-sized by a factor of 3.0 (i.e. use the larger of 15% yearly non-potable demands or rainfall) this would have been sufficient to meet all demands and eliminate roof-top run-off.
Dexter Hunt; Chris Rogers. Rainwater Harvesting: Trade-offs Between Pluvial Flood Risk Alleviation and Mains Water Resource Savings. Proceedings of The 4th World Sustainability Forum 2014, 1 .
AMA StyleDexter Hunt, Chris Rogers. Rainwater Harvesting: Trade-offs Between Pluvial Flood Risk Alleviation and Mains Water Resource Savings. Proceedings of The 4th World Sustainability Forum. 2014; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDexter Hunt; Chris Rogers. 2014. "Rainwater Harvesting: Trade-offs Between Pluvial Flood Risk Alleviation and Mains Water Resource Savings." Proceedings of The 4th World Sustainability Forum , no. : 1.
The traditional water supply management approach focuses on (perceived) community requirements that must be met, but not on community demands, which are variable. Therefore a paradigm-shift is required to the way water is considered. In this paper two fundamental management measures to influence daily water demand and therefore conservation are considered: (1) Technological efficiency measures (i.e., via adopting water-saving devices); and (2) User behaviour (i.e., how users interact with and use the technologies). Through a newly developed futures framework, the individual and combined impact of these approaches within residential and office buildings are examined. Results show each in isolation has similar impacts (i.e., 55% reduction) on domestic water consumption per capita, although the ranges over which user behaviour can operate appears to be far more diverse. Most strikingly, when these measures are considered in combination, greater impact (i.e., 80% reduction) could be achieved. Conclusions are drawn as to how far water demand management, through a dual track approach, can go in terms of reducing indoor water consumption of both residential and office users within the UK. The paper provides philosophical arguments for what else is needed in order to secure sufficient, sustainable water supplies within a “liveable” future.
Sarah M. Zadeh; Dexter V.L. Hunt; Christopher D.F. Rogers. Socio-Technological Influences on Future Water Demands. Water 2014, 6, 1961 -1984.
AMA StyleSarah M. Zadeh, Dexter V.L. Hunt, Christopher D.F. Rogers. Socio-Technological Influences on Future Water Demands. Water. 2014; 6 (7):1961-1984.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSarah M. Zadeh; Dexter V.L. Hunt; Christopher D.F. Rogers. 2014. "Socio-Technological Influences on Future Water Demands." Water 6, no. 7: 1961-1984.
The national demand for water in the UK is predicted to increase, exacerbated by a growing UK population, and home-grown demands for energy and food. When set against the context of overstretched existing supply sources vulnerable to droughts, particularly in increasingly dense city centres, the delicate balance of matching minimal demands with resource secure supplies becomes critical. When making changes to "internal" demands the role of technological efficiency and user behaviour cannot be ignored, yet existing benchmarking systems traditionally do not consider the latter. This paper investigates the practicalities of adopting a domestic benchmarking system (using a band rating) that allows individual users to assess their current water use performance against what is possible. The benchmarking system allows users to achieve higher benchmarks through any approach that reduces water consumption. The sensitivity of water use benchmarks are investigated by making changes to user behaviour and technology. The impact of adopting localised supplies (i.e., Rainwater harvesting—RWH and Grey water—GW) and including "external" gardening demands are investigated. This includes the impacts (in isolation and combination) of the following: occupancy rates (1 to 4); roof size (12.5 m2 to 100 m2); garden size (25 m2 to 100 m2) and geographical location (North West, Midlands and South East, UK) with yearly temporal effects (i.e., rainfall and temperature). Lessons learnt from analysis of the proposed benchmarking system are made throughout this paper, in particular its compatibility with the existing Code for Sustainable Homes (CSH) accreditation system. Conclusions are subsequently drawn for the robustness of the proposed system.
Dexter V. L. Hunt; Christopher D. F. Rogers. A Benchmarking System for Domestic Water Use. Sustainability 2014, 6, 2993 -3018.
AMA StyleDexter V. L. Hunt, Christopher D. F. Rogers. A Benchmarking System for Domestic Water Use. Sustainability. 2014; 6 (5):2993-3018.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDexter V. L. Hunt; Christopher D. F. Rogers. 2014. "A Benchmarking System for Domestic Water Use." Sustainability 6, no. 5: 2993-3018.
Growing energy demands and climatic changes, exacerbated through rapid increases in CO2 emissions, are two major global issues facing nations. Therefore ongoing research is being conducted on projecting supply / demand scenarios that look to match future energy demands against energy supply mixes. This requires energy providers to foresee the impact of various electricity generation scenarios on CO2 emissions and to assess the sustainability of, and risks involved with each so that an attitude of energy provision ‘whatever the cost’ does not prevail decision-making in the face of a plethora of electricity supply mixes and/or energy demand predictions is a complicated procedure which requires in depth consideration of the various scenarios that are being developed. This requires a high level of knowledge that is available only within a team of experts. Furthermore forecasting the possible impacts of various electricity scenarios on climate change as well as considering the associated cost just adds more complexity. This paper explores the features and choices available to decision-makers through the development of an Excel-based tool. The tool acts as a database for existing energy supply/demand scenarios and allows the user to look up existing scenarios or mix and match existing scenarios for the UK leading to a range of new possibilities. The benefits of creating and using the developed tool are explored within the paper and it is concluded that the tool begins to address the complex issues of projecting the most appropriate electricity supply mix and electricity demand by using a range of existing energy studies. In so doing it facilitates greatly decision-makers in beginning the process of further assessing the risks that might be involved. An example of using tool for developing three very different supply mix scenarios for the UK (including one with high share of interconnections) is provided.
Mehran Eskandari Torbaghan; Dexter Hunt; Michael Burrow. Projecting the UK's Future Electricity Supply Mix: A Tool for Generating Sustainable Future Energy Scenarios. Proceedings of The 3rd World Sustainability Forum 2013, 1 .
AMA StyleMehran Eskandari Torbaghan, Dexter Hunt, Michael Burrow. Projecting the UK's Future Electricity Supply Mix: A Tool for Generating Sustainable Future Energy Scenarios. Proceedings of The 3rd World Sustainability Forum. 2013; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMehran Eskandari Torbaghan; Dexter Hunt; Michael Burrow. 2013. "Projecting the UK's Future Electricity Supply Mix: A Tool for Generating Sustainable Future Energy Scenarios." Proceedings of The 3rd World Sustainability Forum , no. : 1.
The traditional water supply management approach focuses on (perceived) community requirements that must be met, but not on community demands, which are variable. Therefore a paradigm-shift is required to the way water is considered. In this paper the impact of two distinct approaches for managing the urban water demand, thus daily water consumption, within residential and office buildings are examined through a futures framework. The two fundamental management measures to influence water demand are: 1) structural and technical measures (via adopting water-saving devices); and 2) socio-political measure (via changing users’ behaviour). Both align well with UK policy drivers and results show each in isolation has similar impacts (i.e. 55% reduction) on domestic water consumption per capita, although the ranges over which user behaviour can operate appears to be far more diverse. Most strikingly, when these measures are considered in combination greater impact (i.e. 80% reduction) could be achieved. Conclusions are drawn as to how far water demand management, through a dual track approach, can go in terms of reducing indoor water consumption of both residential and office users and discusses what else is needed in this respect to help contribute to securing sufficient, sustainable supplies within a ‘liveable’ future.
Dexter Hunt; Sarah Zadeh; Chris Rogers. Future Water Demands: The Role of Technology and User Behaviour. Proceedings of The 3rd World Sustainability Forum 2013, 1 .
AMA StyleDexter Hunt, Sarah Zadeh, Chris Rogers. Future Water Demands: The Role of Technology and User Behaviour. Proceedings of The 3rd World Sustainability Forum. 2013; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDexter Hunt; Sarah Zadeh; Chris Rogers. 2013. "Future Water Demands: The Role of Technology and User Behaviour." Proceedings of The 3rd World Sustainability Forum , no. : 1.
The national demand for water in the UK is predicted to increase, exacerbated by a growing UK population, and home-grown demands for energy and food. When set against the context of overstretched existing supply sources vulnerable to droughts, particularly in the SE of the UK, the delicate balance of matching minimal demands with resource secure supplies becomes critical. Whilst demands can be decreased through changes in user behaviour and adoption of technological efficiency and supplies can be supplemented with additional local sources (e.g. rainwater harvesting – RWH and greywater – GW), careful consideration of future water use performance, particularly in increasingly dense city centres needs to be considered. For this purpose indicators and benchmarks are particularly useful, although any system, once adopted, must be robust and fully understood in terms of its sensitivity to future changes. This paper presents a new benchmarking system for measuring the water using performance of domestic dwellings and considers the impact(s) therein when making changes to ‘internal’ demands either through technological efficiency or user behaviour alone. The sensitivity of water performance is then tested further when combining these changes with additional localised supplies (i.e. RWH and GW) and ‘external’ gardening demands. Therein the impacts (in isolation and combination) of the following are considered: occupancy rates (1 to 4); roof size (12.5 m2 to 100m2); garden size (25 m2 to 100m2); geographical location (NW, Midlands, SE) and yearly temporal effects. Lessons learnt from analysis of the proposed benchmarking system are made throughout this paper, in particular its compatibility with the existing code for sustainable homes accreditation system. Conclusions are subsequently drawn for the robustness of the proposed system.
Dexter Hunt; Chris Rogers; Peter Braithwaite. A Band Rating System for Domestic Water Use: Influences of Supply and Demand Options. Proceedings of The 3rd World Sustainability Forum 2013, 1 .
AMA StyleDexter Hunt, Chris Rogers, Peter Braithwaite. A Band Rating System for Domestic Water Use: Influences of Supply and Demand Options. Proceedings of The 3rd World Sustainability Forum. 2013; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDexter Hunt; Chris Rogers; Peter Braithwaite. 2013. "A Band Rating System for Domestic Water Use: Influences of Supply and Demand Options." Proceedings of The 3rd World Sustainability Forum , no. : 1.
The water industry is becoming increasingly aware of the risks associated with urban supplies not meeting demands by 2050. Greywater (GW) recycling for non-potable uses (e.g., urinal and toilet flushing) provides an urban water management strategy to help alleviate this risk by reducing main water demands. This paper proposes an innovative cross connected system that collects GW from residential buildings and recycles it for toilet/urinal flushing in both residential and office buildings. The capital cost (CAPEX), operational cost (OPEX) and water saving potential are calculated for individual and shared residential and office buildings in an urban mixed-use regeneration area in the UK, assuming two different treatment processes; a membrane bioreactor (MBR) and a vertical flow constructed wetland (VFCW). The Net Present Value (NPV) method was used to compare the financial performance of each considered scenario, from where it was found that a shared GW recycling system (MBR) was the most economically viable option. The sensitivity of this financial model was assessed, considering four parameters (i.e., water supply and sewerage charges, discount rate(s), service life and improved technological efficiency, e.g., low flush toilets, low shower heads, etc.), from where it was found that shared GW systems performed best in the long-term.
Sara Moslemi Zadeh; Dexter V.L. Hunt; D. Rachel Lombardi; Christopher D.F. Rogers. Shared Urban Greywater Recycling Systems: Water Resource Savings and Economic Investment. Sustainability 2013, 5, 2887 -2912.
AMA StyleSara Moslemi Zadeh, Dexter V.L. Hunt, D. Rachel Lombardi, Christopher D.F. Rogers. Shared Urban Greywater Recycling Systems: Water Resource Savings and Economic Investment. Sustainability. 2013; 5 (7):2887-2912.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSara Moslemi Zadeh; Dexter V.L. Hunt; D. Rachel Lombardi; Christopher D.F. Rogers. 2013. "Shared Urban Greywater Recycling Systems: Water Resource Savings and Economic Investment." Sustainability 5, no. 7: 2887-2912.
Greywater (GW) recycling for non-potable uses such as toilet flushing is a management strategy to meet urban water demand with substantial water saving. This paper proposes a system that collects GW from residential buildings and recycles it for toilet flushing in both residential and office buildings. The total cost and water saving of standard sanitation technology were compared with 5 other options requiring less or no potable water use in toilets. Scenarios compare: no GW, individual GW, and shared GW systems with and without low-flush appliances. Typical residential and office buildings in urban mixed-use regeneration areas in the UK were used for these analyses. The results implied that constructed wetland treatment technology with standard appliances is more economically and environmentally viable than other scenarios. By increasing the water and wastewater price, shared GW systems with and without low-flush appliances were viable options within highly water efficient domestic and office buildings.
Dexter Hunt; Sara Zadeh; Diane Lombardi; Christopher Rogers. Greywater Recycling Systems in Urban Mixed-Use Regeneration Areas: Economic Analysis and Water Saving Potential. Proceedings of The 2nd World Sustainability Forum 2012, 1 .
AMA StyleDexter Hunt, Sara Zadeh, Diane Lombardi, Christopher Rogers. Greywater Recycling Systems in Urban Mixed-Use Regeneration Areas: Economic Analysis and Water Saving Potential. Proceedings of The 2nd World Sustainability Forum. 2012; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDexter Hunt; Sara Zadeh; Diane Lombardi; Christopher Rogers. 2012. "Greywater Recycling Systems in Urban Mixed-Use Regeneration Areas: Economic Analysis and Water Saving Potential." Proceedings of The 2nd World Sustainability Forum , no. : 1.
Future scenarios provide challenging, plausible and relevant stories about how the future could unfold. Urban Futures (UF) research has identified a substantial set (>450) of seemingly disparate scenarios published over the period 1997–2011 and within this research, a sub-set of >160 scenarios has been identified (and categorized) based on their narratives according to the structure first proposed by the Global Scenario Group (GSG) in 1997; three world types (Business as Usual, Barbarization, and Great Transitions) and six scenarios, two for each world type (Policy Reform—PR, Market Forces—MF, Breakdown—B, Fortress World—FW, Eco-Communalism—EC and New Sustainability Paradigm—NSP). It is suggested that four of these scenario archetypes (MF, PR, NSP and FW) are sufficiently distinct to facilitate active stakeholder engagement in futures thinking. Moreover they are accompanied by a well-established, internally consistent set of narratives that provide a deeper understanding of the key fundamental drivers (e.g., STEEP—Social, Technological, Economic, Environmental and Political) that could bring about realistic world changes through a push or a pull effect. This is testament to the original concept of the GSG scenarios and their development and refinement over a 16 year period.
Dexter V. L. Hunt; D. Rachel Lombardi; Stuart Atkinson; Austin R. G. Barber; Matthew Barnes; Christopher T. Boyko; Julie Brown; John Bryson; David Butler; Silvio Caputo; Maria Caserio; Richard Coles; Rachel F. D. Cooper; Raziyeh Farmani; Mark Gaterell; James Hale; Chantal Hales; C. Nicholas Hewitt; Lubo Jankovic; I. Jefferson; J. Leach; A. Rob MacKenzie; Fayyaz Ali Memon; Jon P. Sadler; Carina Weingaertner; J. Duncan Whyatt; Christopher D. F. Rogers. Scenario Archetypes: Converging Rather than Diverging Themes. Sustainability 2012, 4, 740 -772.
AMA StyleDexter V. L. Hunt, D. Rachel Lombardi, Stuart Atkinson, Austin R. G. Barber, Matthew Barnes, Christopher T. Boyko, Julie Brown, John Bryson, David Butler, Silvio Caputo, Maria Caserio, Richard Coles, Rachel F. D. Cooper, Raziyeh Farmani, Mark Gaterell, James Hale, Chantal Hales, C. Nicholas Hewitt, Lubo Jankovic, I. Jefferson, J. Leach, A. Rob MacKenzie, Fayyaz Ali Memon, Jon P. Sadler, Carina Weingaertner, J. Duncan Whyatt, Christopher D. F. Rogers. Scenario Archetypes: Converging Rather than Diverging Themes. Sustainability. 2012; 4 (4):740-772.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDexter V. L. Hunt; D. Rachel Lombardi; Stuart Atkinson; Austin R. G. Barber; Matthew Barnes; Christopher T. Boyko; Julie Brown; John Bryson; David Butler; Silvio Caputo; Maria Caserio; Richard Coles; Rachel F. D. Cooper; Raziyeh Farmani; Mark Gaterell; James Hale; Chantal Hales; C. Nicholas Hewitt; Lubo Jankovic; I. Jefferson; J. Leach; A. Rob MacKenzie; Fayyaz Ali Memon; Jon P. Sadler; Carina Weingaertner; J. Duncan Whyatt; Christopher D. F. Rogers. 2012. "Scenario Archetypes: Converging Rather than Diverging Themes." Sustainability 4, no. 4: 740-772.
Due to the adoption of short-term planning cycles and the requirement for lowest initial construction costs, the conventional method for utility installation and maintenance in the UK is via open-cut. When taking a long-term sustainability perspective there is a growing body of evidence which indicates that this method is socially disruptive, environmentally damaging and significantly more expensive, i.e. unsustainable. One long-term solution to this problem could be the adoption of Multi-Utility Tunnels (MUTs); a tunnel that co-locates more than one utility underground facilitating their subsequent repair and renewal while eliminating the need for continuous surface excavation. Unfortunately considerably higher short-term direct costs remain a significant barrier to adoption of MUTs. However, there is a lack of research to show where the economic tipping point between the two methods occurs and how it might be influenced by utility type, pipe number (i.e. density), pipe diameter, number of excavation and reinstatement (E&R) procedures avoided, location (i.e. undeveloped, suburban and urban areas), and the choice of MUT being adopted (i.e. flush-fitting, shallow and deep). This paper aims to fulfil this research need by investigating the effect of these influences on the economic viability of various types of MUTs. The results indicate that MUTs can provide a more economically sustainable method of utility placement in all three local contexts, with the tipping points occurring where street works are likely more frequent and/or where utility density is high.
D.V.L. Hunt; D. Nash; Christopher Rogers. Sustainable utility placement via Multi-Utility Tunnels. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 2012, 39, 15 -26.
AMA StyleD.V.L. Hunt, D. Nash, Christopher Rogers. Sustainable utility placement via Multi-Utility Tunnels. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology. 2012; 39 ():15-26.
Chicago/Turabian StyleD.V.L. Hunt; D. Nash; Christopher Rogers. 2012. "Sustainable utility placement via Multi-Utility Tunnels." Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 39, no. : 15-26.
The achievement of a less unsustainable future requires a multi-dimensional approach that addresses a range of \'issues\' (i.e. the sustainability indicator spectrum; demographics through to water) within a bounded yet diverse \'space\' (i.e. global through to local scale) over \'time\' (i.e. current and future generations; their needs and aspirations). Futurescenarios provide challenging, plausible and relevant stories about how the future, typically within 5 to 100 years, could unfold. As neither forecasts nor predictions and unconstrained by the requirement for substantiating how one gets from here to there they allow a range of sustainability issues to be challenged at different scales in future worlds. Urban Futures (UF) research has identified a substantial set (>450) of seemingly disparate scenario visions published within the literature over the period 1997-2011. Whilst it is evident that some comparisons have been undertaken there is little evidence to substantiate converging rather than diverging themes from which an overarching scenario archetypal could be drawn. This is significant shortfall for those who wish to test the principles of sustainability / resilience against a generic scenario set, rather than derive yet more scenarios to add to the list already identified. In fulfilling this research need it has been possible to identify, based upon their scenario narratives, a sub-set of 150 scenarios that can be categorised according to three world types (i.e. Business as usual, Barbarisation and Great Transitions) and six scenarios; two for each world type (i.e. Policy Reform - PR, Market Forces - MF, Breakdown - B, Fortress World - FW, Eco-Communalism - E and New Sustainability Paradigm – NSP respectively) first proposed by the Global Scenarios Group (GSG) in 1997. It is suggested that four of these (MF, PR, NSP and FW) are sufficiently distinct to facilitate active stakeholder engagement and allow sustainability/resilience to be tested over a broad range (e.g. high to low technological efficiency). Moreover this archetypal scenario set is accompanied by a well-established, internally consistent set of narratives that provide a deeper understanding of the key fundamental drivers (e.g. economic, environmental, social, technological, political and organisational) that could bring about realistic world changes through a push or a pull effect. This is testament to the original concept of the GSG scenarios and their development and refinement over a 20 year period.
Dexter Hunt; Raziyeh Farmani; Rachel Lombardi; Stuart Atkinson; Austin Barber; Matthew Barnes; Chris Boyko; Julie Brown; John Bryson; David Butler; Sylvio Caputo; Maria Caserio; Richard Coles; Carina Weingartner; Mark Gaterell; James Hale; Chantal Hayes; Nick Hewitt; Lubo Jankovic; Ian Jefferson; Rob MacKenzie; Fayyaz Memon; Tom Pugh; Chris Rogers; Duncan Whyatt. Scenario Archetypes: Converging rather than Diverging Themes. Proceedings of The 1st World Sustainability Forum 2011, 1 .
AMA StyleDexter Hunt, Raziyeh Farmani, Rachel Lombardi, Stuart Atkinson, Austin Barber, Matthew Barnes, Chris Boyko, Julie Brown, John Bryson, David Butler, Sylvio Caputo, Maria Caserio, Richard Coles, Carina Weingartner, Mark Gaterell, James Hale, Chantal Hayes, Nick Hewitt, Lubo Jankovic, Ian Jefferson, Rob MacKenzie, Fayyaz Memon, Tom Pugh, Chris Rogers, Duncan Whyatt. Scenario Archetypes: Converging rather than Diverging Themes. Proceedings of The 1st World Sustainability Forum. 2011; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDexter Hunt; Raziyeh Farmani; Rachel Lombardi; Stuart Atkinson; Austin Barber; Matthew Barnes; Chris Boyko; Julie Brown; John Bryson; David Butler; Sylvio Caputo; Maria Caserio; Richard Coles; Carina Weingartner; Mark Gaterell; James Hale; Chantal Hayes; Nick Hewitt; Lubo Jankovic; Ian Jefferson; Rob MacKenzie; Fayyaz Memon; Tom Pugh; Chris Rogers; Duncan Whyatt. 2011. "Scenario Archetypes: Converging rather than Diverging Themes." Proceedings of The 1st World Sustainability Forum , no. : 1.
A description of the future as it might be without forecasts, predictions and trend analysis can be referred to as a ‘sfuture scenario’. An abundance of scenarios literature exists in which numerous pictures have been painted of changed future worlds. However, upon closer inspection it becomes apparent that virtually all of this literature refers to changes occurring above ground, ignoring the inevitable consequences (or opportunities) for sustainable use of underground space, not least in densely populated urban areas, some of which may be underlain by complex geological conditions. This paper reports on the development (to date) of an ‘Urban Futures’ (UF) toolkit for sub-surface environments (including infrastructure and utilities) which, through use of ‘key’ questions ‘sustainable’ indicators and a ‘contextual’ narrative, allows for better definition and measured performance of underground space in the UK, both today and in the future. The toolkit explores possible uses for underground space within 4 plausible and well-cited future scenarios (i.e. New Sustainability Paradigm, Fortress World, Market Forces and Policy Reform). This forms part of a much larger generic toolkit which the UF research team are developing for exploring possible future scenarios over a range of UK urban regeneration case study areas.
D. V. L. Hunt; Ian Jefferson; Christopher Rogers. Assessing the sustainability of underground space usage — A toolkit for testing possible urban futures. Journal of Mountain Science 2011, 8, 211 -222.
AMA StyleD. V. L. Hunt, Ian Jefferson, Christopher Rogers. Assessing the sustainability of underground space usage — A toolkit for testing possible urban futures. Journal of Mountain Science. 2011; 8 (2):211-222.
Chicago/Turabian StyleD. V. L. Hunt; Ian Jefferson; Christopher Rogers. 2011. "Assessing the sustainability of underground space usage — A toolkit for testing possible urban futures." Journal of Mountain Science 8, no. 2: 211-222.
Stress on water resources in some areas is reaching critical levels due to population growth, rapid urbanization, economic development, climate...
S. M. Zadeh; D. R. Lombardi; D. V. L. Hunt; C. D. F. Rogers. Local area greywater symbiosis approach to a more sustainable urban water management. The Sustainable World 2010, 142, 193 -203.
AMA StyleS. M. Zadeh, D. R. Lombardi, D. V. L. Hunt, C. D. F. Rogers. Local area greywater symbiosis approach to a more sustainable urban water management. The Sustainable World. 2010; 142 ():193-203.
Chicago/Turabian StyleS. M. Zadeh; D. R. Lombardi; D. V. L. Hunt; C. D. F. Rogers. 2010. "Local area greywater symbiosis approach to a more sustainable urban water management." The Sustainable World 142, no. : 193-203.
Electrokinetic (EK) dewatering involves the application of a (direct current) voltage across sewage sludge, driving water under an electrical gradient from the positive electrode (anode) to the negative electrode (cathode). Researchers have shown the technique to be efficient means of driving off water from the sludge, thus improving strength and reducing volume. This paper presents an integrating framework for EK dewatering under constant voltage and constant current conditions, founded on the mathematics of simple electrical circuits and demonstrated by laboratory experimentation. The derived equations and experimental results showed that electroosmotic flow rate decreases with time when dewatering with constant voltage and is constant when constant current conditions are maintained. Having a linear relationship between flow and time, EK dewatering with constant current not only enhances the sludge dewatering efficiency, but also has the advantage of simplifying design procedures.
S. Glendinning; C. K. Mok; D. Kalumba; C. D. F. Rogers; D. V. L. Hunt. Design Framework for Electrokinetically Enhanced Dewatering of Sludge. Journal of Environmental Engineering 2010, 136, 417 -426.
AMA StyleS. Glendinning, C. K. Mok, D. Kalumba, C. D. F. Rogers, D. V. L. Hunt. Design Framework for Electrokinetically Enhanced Dewatering of Sludge. Journal of Environmental Engineering. 2010; 136 (4):417-426.
Chicago/Turabian StyleS. Glendinning; C. K. Mok; D. Kalumba; C. D. F. Rogers; D. V. L. Hunt. 2010. "Design Framework for Electrokinetically Enhanced Dewatering of Sludge." Journal of Environmental Engineering 136, no. 4: 417-426.
Environmental geotechnics (EG) has the potential to make a substantial contribution to the field of sustainable construction, which in turn affects sustainable development. Indicators for measuring sustainable performance within the construction sector are well developed because the concepts have been around for many years. However, within the EG sector they are not, probably due to the combined difficulties of inherent site-specific complexity and scale. In addressing this shortfall, the aim of this paper is to present a new suite of environmental geotechnics indicators (EGIs). The new EGI system is formulated from existing construction sector indicators, from which a set of 108 separate indicators for assessing progress towards achieving greater sustainability are presented. Using a point score system (1 (harmful) to 5 (significantly improved)), the set of indicators can cover the entire timeline of a project in eight distinct stages (feasibility to long term). The set includes 76 ‘generic indicators‘ used to assess the sustainability of any geotechnical project and a set of 32 additional ‘technology-specific‘ indicators used to assess the sustainability of specific techniques for treating contaminated land. This latter indicator set can be modified, or substituted by any appropriate technology-specific indicator set, to address whatever geotechnical processes are proposed in a project. The final output of the assessment is an eight-pointed rose diagram that can be used to highlight areas of weakness within a project. The indicators within this new model are not split into various sustainability pillars (economic, social and environmental), thereby reducing the risk of an end-user focusing on the economic pillar alone. The indicators are applied to a case study site. Environmental geotechnics (EG) has the potential to make a substantial contribution to the field of sustainable construction, which in turn affects sustainable development. Indicators for measuring sustainable performance within the construction sector are well developed because the concepts have been around for many years. However, within the EG sector they are not, probably due to the combined difficulties of inherent site-specific complexity and scale. In addressing this shortfall, the aim of this paper is to present a new suite of environmental geotechnics indicators (EGIs). The new EGI system is formulated from existing construction sector indicators, from which a set of 108 separate indicators for assessing progress towards achieving greater sustainability are presented. Using a point score system (1 (harmful) to 5 (significantly improved)), the set of indicators can cover the entire timeline of a project in eight distinct stages (feasibility to long term). The set includes 76 ‘generic indicators‘ used to assess the sustainability of any geotechnical project and a set of 32 additional ‘technology-specific‘ indicators used to assess the sustainability of specific techniques for treating contaminated land. This latter indicator set can be modified, or substituted by any appropriate technology-specific indicator set, to address whatever geotechnical processes are proposed in a project. The final output of the assessment is an eight-pointed rose diagram that can be used to highlight areas of weakness within a project. The indicators within this new model are not split into various sustainability pillars (economic, social and environmental), thereby reducing the risk of an end-user focusing on the economic pillar alone. The indicators are applied to a case study site.
I. Jefferson; D. V. L. Hunt; C. A. Birchall; C. D. F. Rogers. Sustainability indicators for environmental geotechnics. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Engineering Sustainability 2007, 160, 57 -78.
AMA StyleI. Jefferson, D. V. L. Hunt, C. A. Birchall, C. D. F. Rogers. Sustainability indicators for environmental geotechnics. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Engineering Sustainability. 2007; 160 (2):57-78.
Chicago/Turabian StyleI. Jefferson; D. V. L. Hunt; C. A. Birchall; C. D. F. Rogers. 2007. "Sustainability indicators for environmental geotechnics." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Engineering Sustainability 160, no. 2: 57-78.