The global increase in potato production and yield is expected to lead to increased irrigation needs and this has prompted concerns with respect to the sustainability of irrigation water sources, such as groundwater. The magnitude, and inter- and intra-annual variation, of the crop water requirements and irrigation needs for potato production together with their impact on aquifer storage in a temperate humid region (Prince Edward Island, Canada) were estimated by using long-term (i.e., 2010–2019) daily soil water content (SWC). The amount of supplemental irrigation required for the minimal irrigation scenario (SWC = 70% of field capacity; 0.7 FC) was relatively small (i.e., 17.0 mm); however, this increased significantly, to 85.2 and 189.6 mm, for the moderate (SWC = 0.8 FC) and extensive (SWC = 0.9 FC) irrigation scenarios, respectively. The water supply requirement for the growing season (GS) increased to 154.9 and 344.7 mm for a moderately efficient irrigation system (55% efficiency) for the SWC = 0.8 FC and SWC = 0.9 FC irrigation scenarios, respectively. Depending on the efficiency and the areal extent of the irrigation system, the irrigation water supply requirement can approach or exceed both the GS and annual groundwater recharge. The methodology developed in this research has been translated into a free online tool (SWIB—Soil Water Stress, Irrigation Requirement and Water Balance), which can be applied to other areas or crops where an estimation of soil water deficit and irrigation requirement is sought.

Groundwater, which is the main source of water for human consumption in many rural areas, has its quality determined by the complex interaction of environmental factors and anthropogenic activities. The present study evaluated the quality of shallow groundwater (1 to 25 m depth) in the rural area of the Târgovişte Plain, a densely populated area (200 inhabitants/km²) using 80 water samples collected from public wells. In order to explain the spatial distribution of the concentrations of the 19 physicochemical parameters considered (including heavy metals), the evaluation of groundwater quality for human consumption and potential impact on human health was conducted using the Water Quality Index (WQI), Integrated Weight Water Quality Index (IwWQI), Total Hazard Index (THI), and cumulative carcinogenic risk (CCR). For the WQI/IwWQI the comparative analysis of the two indices showed that for the WQI, it is important to select an optimal set of parameters, because use of a large number of physicochemical parameters can eclipse the values that exceed WHO guideline limits. In contrast, the use of entropy in the calculation of the IwWQI did not lead to eclipsing of exceedance, no matter the number of parameters used. Areas with poor and very poor groundwater quality according to the WQI/IwWQI overlapped, with a moderate risk to human health (THI > 1) for noncarcinogenic contaminants and also a risk of developing cancer according to the CCR average value (1.15 × 10⁻²). The health of 43% of the rural population in the Târgovişte Plain can be affected if they drink contaminated groundwater, and it is estimated that about 600 people can develop cancer during their lifetime. If the risk of developing cancer is reduced only in the rural population that does not have access to a water source from a centralized and verified network, the results suggest that 385 people (1.15%) can develop cancer as a result of consuming groundwater contaminated with heavy metals based on the average value of CCR. This value is lower than the general mortality rate in areas with high CCR and below the average number of cancer patients in Romania (2.65%). The quality of groundwater and the risk of developing diseases and cancer due to water consumption is directly proportional to the intensity of agricultural land use and inversely proportional to the depth of the groundwater layer, the distance from the main hydrographic network and the reservoirs, and the distance from the main city, Târgovişte. The complex and integrated analysis of groundwater quality using quality indices and indicators of health risk for the population, validated by hot-spot analysis and compared to the mortality rate, is an approach with practical applicability. This integrated approach allows public authorities, policymakers, and health services to implement an efficient monitoring program and optimize anthropogenic activities in order to prevent groundwater contamination and finally improve the quality of life for the residents in the area of this study.

Article impact statement : SEPHYDRO is an open access, customizable web‐based tool, which integrates 11 algorithms to separate and analyze streamflow hydrographs.

The export of anthropogenic nitrate to coastal waters, which depends on the interplay between many factors such as land use and meteorological forcing, is a rising concern in many regions of the world. The present study investigates the effect of precipitation event magnitude on baseflow and associated groundwater‐driven nitrate export in Prince Edward Island, Canada. Twenty‐year time‐series of precipitation, stream flow, and groundwater levels across the island were analysed to establish a three‐way relationship between precipitation, groundwater level rise, and baseflow increase along a hydrological response pathway in this island setting. The analysis was performed by extracting hydrological responses for groundwater level and baseflow for a selected subset of relatively isolated precipitation events. The results reveal a non‐linear relationship between precipitation event magnitude and baseflow change that is also observed for precipitation events associated with hurricanes and post tropical storms. A time‐series of streamflow nitrate concentrations during Hurricane Dorian's passage (September 2019) was used to evaluate the relevance of these findings for nitrate export. The data show that baseflow increases after a heavy precipitation event have limited impact on streamflow concentrations, but result in substantial and sustained increase of nitrate export (calculated by multiplying concentration by flow). These observations are consistent with a recharge‐induced water table rise leading to increased hydraulic gradients that drive discharge of shallow nitrate‐containing groundwater. Due to the similarity of the processes governing groundwater flow to the sea and to streams, the results can be used to gain insights into the impacts of precipitation event magnitude on direct groundwater discharge to coastal waters. On Prince Edward Island, this applies to at least the 13% of the island's surface area that is closer to the ocean than to any stream and likely feeds submarine groundwater discharge pathways.

Various empirical methods that use meteorological data have been developed for estimating evapotranspiration. However, there are currently no online tools available for the estimation of daily evapotranspiration based on user-provided daily data. Here, we introduce ETCalc (https://etcalc.hydrotools.tech), a free, unique online tool that integrates eight methods (i.e. Penman-Monteith, Thornthwaite, Blaney – Criddle, Turc, Priestley – Taylor, Hargreaves, Jensen – Haise and Abtew) for estimation of daily potential evapotranspiration, reference evapotranspiration and, by employing user-defined crop (or cover) coefficients, daily actual evapotranspiration, based on user-provided daily meteorological data. ETCalc has been developed in response to the effort of the Canadian federal government to encourage easier and open access to science and is applicable to any area for which basic meteorological data are available and hence, its suitability is not restricted to particular geographical areas. Through a streamlined interface, ETCalc allows for uploading of user-provided data, tabular and graphical inspection of the input and output data, as well as export of the output data and of the associated metadata. The use of ETCalc is exemplified using 10-year daily meteorological data from Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada for comparing the output from each of the ETCalc methods and for the calculation of the precipitation deficit.