Interest in the biosynthesis of nanoparticles has increased in the last era by researchers. Nanoparticles have several applications in different fields like optoelectronics, magnetic devices, drug delivery, and sensors. Nanoparticle synthesis by green methods is safe for the environment and should be explored and encouraged popularly since various plants' have the high extent to form these nanoparticles. Worldwide, UV spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) besides Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) are used in many ways for characterize nanoparticles. The most advantageous use of AgNPs is their great attribution to be used as antimicrobial agents. Finally, concept of AgNPs synthesis is deserved to be the modern technical and medical concern. The current review shows a complete comprehensive and analytical survey of the biosynthesis of AgNPs with a particular focus on their activities as antimicrobials and the possible theories of their effect on the microbial cell and all influenced secondary metabolites.

Antibiotic drug resistance is a global public health issue that demands new and novel therapeutic molecules. To develop new agents, animal secretions or products are used as an alternative agent to overcome this problem. In this study, earthworm (Pheretima posthuma) coelomic fluid (PCF), and body paste (PBP) were used to analyze their effects as antibiofilm agents against four bacterial isolates MH1 (Pseudomonas aeruginosa MT448672), MH2 (Escherichia coli MT448673), MH3 (Staphylococcus aureus MT448675), and MH4 (Klebsiella pneumoniae MT448676). Coelomic fluid extraction and body paste formation were followed by minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), biofilm formation time kinetics, and an antibiofilm assay, using heat and cold shock, sunlight exposure auto-digestion, and test tube methods. The results showed that the MIC values of PCF and PBP against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, and E. coli bacterial isolates ranged from 50 to 100 μg/mL, while, the results related to biofilm formation for P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and K. pneumoniae strains were observed to be highly significantly increased (p < 0.005) after 72 h. E. coli produced a significant (p < 0.004) amount of biofilm after 48 h. Following time kinetics, the antibiofilm activity of PCF and PBP was tested at different concentrations (i.e., 25–200 μg/mL) against the aforementioned four strains (MH1–MH4). The findings of this study revealed that both PBP (5.61 ± 1.0%) and PCF (5.23 ± 1.5%) at the lowest concentration (25 μg/mL) showed non-significant (p > 0.05) antibiofilm activity against all the selected strains (MH1-MH4). At 50 μg/mL concentration, both PCF and PBP showed significant (p < 0.05) biofilm inhibition (<40%) for all isolates. Further, the biofilm inhibitory potential was also found to be more significant (p < 0.01) at 100 μg/mL of PCF and PBP, while it showed highly significant (p < 0.001) biofilm inhibition at 150 and 200 μg/mL concentrations. Moreover, more than 90% biofilm inhibition was observed at 200 μg/mL of PCF, while in the case of the PBP, <96% biofilm reduction (i.e., 100%) was also observed by all selected strains at 200 μg/mL. In conclusion, earthworm body fluid and paste have biologically active components that inhibit biofilm formation by various pathogenic bacterial strains. For future investigations, there is a need for further study to explore the potential bioactive components and investigate in depth their molecular mechanisms from a pharmaceutical perspective for effective clinical utilization.

Foodborne diseases as well as Foodborne pathogens are a global issue with significant effects on human health and economy. Therefore, several investigators have tried to find new alternative approaches to prevent and control this problem. In this context, the present study aimed to find some possible and effective approaches for controlling food-borne bacteria via Dill (Anethum graveolensL.) extract (DE) loaded with chitosan nanoparticles (ChNPs) besides its anti-oxidant and anti-diabetic activities. Flavonoid and phenolic contents of DE were detected by HPLC, indicating the presence of 18 constituents, high content (22526.51 μg/mL) of chlorogenic acid, followed by 2236.21 μg/mL of coumaric acid and 2113.81 μg/mL of pyrocatechol. In contrast, low contents of cinnamic acid, methyl gallate, apigenin, daidzein, quercetin, syringic acid, and kaempferol were detected.B. cereus,Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, S. typhi, E. faecalis, andC. albicanswere highly inhibited by DE loaded ChNPs (DELChNPs) with inhibition zones (IZs) of 28.50 ± 0.87, 30.33 ± 0.58, 29.33 ± 0.58, 23.17 ± 0.76, 25.76 ± 0.58, and 24.17 ± 0.29 mm with MIC 15.41 ± 0.36, 7.70 ± 0.17, 15.58 ± 0.07, 31.08 ± 0.07, 31.04 ± 0.07 and 62.33 ± 0.29 μg/mL compared with inhibitory activity caused by DE, where the IZs were 25.83 ± 1.44, 29.67 ± 0.85, 24.83 ± 0.76, 20.33 ± 1.53, 21.17 ± 0.29, and 19.67 ± 1.15 mm with MIC 62.33 ± 0.29, 31.08 ± 0.07, 62.50 ± 0.29, 31.08 ± 0.07, 31.04 ± 0.07, and 249.0 ± 1.73 μg/mL, respectively. Also, the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of DELChNPs was less than DE against all tested microorganisms. The MBC/MIC index documented that DELChNPs were more effective than DE. The biofilm of tested bacteria was inhibited by DE and DELChNPs but with different levels of anti-biofilm activity. For example, the anti-biofilm activity was 79.26 and 86.15% againstB. cereususing DE and DELChNPs, respectively. DELChNPs and DE, compared with the ascorbic acid, exhibited DPPH scavenging % with IC⁵⁰values of 7.8 μg/mL, 13.96 μg/mL, and 4.83 μg/mL, respectively. Anti-diabetic activityin vitrovia inhibition of amylase indicated that IC⁵⁰was 164.2 μg/mL and 164.3 μg/mL using DE and DELChNPs, respectively. This investigation highlights the vital DE phytoconstituents, particularly DELChNPs which possess important therapeutic effects against food-borne microorganisms and could be utilized as a safe alternative to synthetic drugs.

Natural constituents have been utilized to avoid humanity from various diseases, such as microbial infection and cancer, over several decades due to bioactive compounds. Myoporum serratum seeds extract (MSSE) was formulated via HPLC for flavonoid and phenolic analysis. Moreover, antimicrobial via well diffusion method, antioxidant via 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method, anticancer activities against HepG-2 cells (human hepatocellular cancer cell line), and MCF-7 cells (human breast cancer cell line), and molecular docking of the main detected flavonoid and phenolic compounds with the cancer cells were performed. The phenolic acids, including cinnamic acid (12.75 µg/mL), salicylic acid (7.14 µg/mL), and ferulic (0.97 µg/mL), while luteolin represents the main detected flavonoid with a concentration of 10.74 µg/mL, followed by apegenin 8.87 µg/mL were identified in MSSE. Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Proteus vulgaris, and Candida albicans were inhibited by MSSE with 24.33, 26.33, 20.67, and 18.33 mm of inhibition zone, respectively. MSSE exhibited a low inhibition zone of 12.67 mm against Escherichia coli while showing no inhibitory activity against Aspergillus fumigatus. The values of MIC ranged from 26.58 to 136.33 µg/mL for all tested microorganisms. MBC/MIC index and cidal properties were attributed to MSSE for all tested microorganisms except E. coli. MSSE demonstrated anti-biofilm 81.25 and 50.45% of S. aureus and E. coli, respectively. IC₅₀ of the antioxidant activity of MSSE was 120.11 µg/mL. HepG-2 and MCF-7 cell proliferation were inhibited with IC₅₀ 140.77 ± 3.86 µg/mL and 184.04 µg/mL, respectively. Via Molecular docking study, luteolin and cinnamic acid have inhibitory action against HepG-2 and MCF-7 cells, supporting the tremendous anticancer of MSSE.

The eco‐friendly and cost‐effective biological synthesis of nanomaterials is rapidly gaining attention. This study synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using an aqueous extract of Senna italica leaves and silver nitrate (AgNO ₃ ). The synthesized AgNPs were characterized using UV‐Vis spectroscopy, Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). UV‐Vis spectroscopy confirmed the formation of AgNPs, displaying a characteristic surface plasmon resonance peak at 445 nm. TEM and SEM analyses revealed spherical nanoparticles with sizes ranging from 12.7 to 24 nm. FTIR spectra identified bands at 1636 and 3496 cm ⁻¹ , corresponding to C=O and O‐H groups, indicating their role in stabilizing the nanoparticles. XRD analysis revealed diffraction planes at 111, 200, 220, and 311, consistent with the face‐centered cubic structure of silver. The AgNPs demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity against fungi and Gram‐negative and Gram‐positive bacteria, with Escherichia coli showing the highest sensitivity (MIC = 0.014  μ g/mL). SEM analysis of E. coli showed that untreated cells retained their normal morphology, whereas AgNP‐treated cells appeared shriveled and deformed. These results underscore the potential of Senna italica –derived AgNPs as effective antimicrobial agents. Future studies will be aimed at investigating the detailed mechanisms underlying the effects of AgNPs on bacterial cell structure and growth.

The extraction of bioactive compounds from plants has emerged as a promising strategy for developing resource-efficient solutions that are both economically viable and value-driven. Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), has become a popular technique for extraction significant plant-based compounds. Our investigation contrasted the yield, biological functions and phytochemical compositions of green cardamom extracts generated with SFE at 100, 200, and 300 bar of pressures. The maximal obtained weight was 0.279 gm upon applying 300 bar. There is a proportional elevation in the levels of most of phenolic compounds which detected using HPLC upon raising the pressure levels for extraction. Gallic acid had a significant increase ( P ≤ 0.05) upon applying ascending pressure levels The extract obtained at 300 bar demonstrated the most potent antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis and Candida albicans , with inhibition zones of 23.33 ± 0.58 mm and 22.17 ± 1.04 mm, respectively. Furthermore, antibiofilm and anti-hemolytic assays confirmed that higher extraction pressure enhanced the bioactivity of the extracts, with 300 bar showing the maximum effect. Time-kill kinetics demonstrated a progressive increase in microbial inhibition over time, with the 300-bar extract again displaying the most effective results. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed significant ultrastructural damage in B. subtilis and C. albicans treated with the 300-bar extract, indicating strong antimicrobial action at the cellular level. The molecular docking performance of the main constituents in green cardamom extracts gallic acid and syringic acid against B. subtilis (PDB ID: 5VX6) and S. aureus (PDB ID: 3V8J) using the molecular operating environment (MOE) software was evaluated. The docking scores (S), root mean square deviation (RMSD)_refine values, and energy terms (E_conf, E_place, E_score1, E_refine, E_score2) were analyzed to assess binding affinities. Key interactions, including hydrogen bonds, were identified, with distances and energies quantified. Syringic acid exhibited better binding (S = − 4.27 to − 5.04 kcal/mol) compared to gallic acid (S = − 4.11 to − 4.68 kcal/mol) across both targets. Interactions with residues like GLU 187 (Glutamic acid residue at position 187 in the protein sequence) and ARG 172 (Arginine residue at position 172) in 5VX6, and ASP 239 (ASP 239: Aspartic acid residue at position 239) in 3V8J, highlighted critical binding motifs. The findings concluded that green cardamom extracts, particularly those obtained at 300 bar, possess enhanced antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties, supported by both experimental and computational evidence. These results highlight the therapeutic potential of pressure-optimized SFE in maximizing the bioactivity of plant extracts. Graphical abstract