Natural products in the form of functional foods have become increasingly popular due to their protective effects against life-threatening diseases, low risk of adverse effects, affordability, and accessibility. Plant components such as phytosterol, in particular, have drawn a lot of press recently due to a link between their consumption and a modest incidence of global problems, such as Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM), cancer, and cardiovascular disease. In the management of diet-related metabolic diseases, such as T2DM and cardiovascular disorders, these plant-based functional foods and nutritional supplements have unquestionably led the market in terms of cost-effectiveness, therapeutic efficacy, and safety. Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder categoriszed by high blood sugar and insulin resistance, which influence major metabolic organs, such as the liver, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle. These chronic hyperglycemia fallouts result in decreased glucose consumption by body cells, increased fat mobilisation from fat storage cells, and protein depletion in human tissues, keeping the tissues in a state of crisis. In addition, functional foods such as phytosterols improve the body’s healing process from these crises by promoting a proper physiological metabolism and cellular activities. They are plant-derived steroid molecules having structure and function similar to cholesterol, which is found in vegetables, grains, nuts, olive oil, wood pulp, legumes, cereals, and leaves, and are abundant in nature, along with phytosterol derivatives. The most copious phytosterols seen in the human diet are sitosterol, stigmasterol, and campesterol, which can be found in free form, as fatty acid/cinnamic acid esters or as glycosides processed by pancreatic enzymes. Accumulating evidence reveals that phytosterols and diets enriched with them can control glucose and lipid metabolism, as well as insulin resistance. Despite this, few studies on the advantages of sterol control in diabetes care have been published. As a basis, the primary objective of this review is to convey extensive updated information on the possibility of managing diabetes and associated complications with sterol-rich foods in molecular aspects.

Diabetes mellitus has become a troublesome and increasingly widespread condition. Treatment strategies for diabetes prevention in high-risk as well as in affected individuals are largely attributed to improvements in lifestyle and dietary control. Therefore, it is important to understand the nutritional factors to be used in dietary intervention. A decreased risk of diabetes is associated with daily intake of millet-based foods. Pearl millet is a highly nutritious grain, nutritionally comparable and even superior in calories, protein, vitamins, and minerals to other large cereals, although its intake is confined to lower income segments of society. Pearl millet contains phenolic compounds which possess antidiabetic activity. Thus, it can be used to prepare a variety of food products for diabetes mellitus. Moreover, it also has many health benefits, including combating diabetes mellitus, cancer, cardiovascular conditions, decreasing tumour occurrence, lowering blood pressure, heart disease risk, cholesterol, and fat absorption rate. Therefore, the current review addresses the role of pearl millet in managing diabetes.

Osteoporosis is a skeletal disease that is both systemic and silent characterized by an unbalanced activity of bone remodeling leading to bone loss. Rising evidences demonstrate that thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) has an important role in the regulation on the metabolism of bone. However, TSH regulation on human osteoblast essential transcriptional factors has not been identified. Current study examined the role of TSH on human osteoblastic Runx2 expression and their functional genes by in vitro and in slico analysis. Human osteoblast like (HOS and SaoS-2) cells were cultured with DMEM and treated with hTSH at the concentration of 0.01 ng/mL and 10 ng/mL. After treatment, osteoblastic Runx2 and IGF-1R beta expression were studied using RT-PCR and western blot analysis. TSH treatment induced osteoblastic essential transcriptional factor, Runx2 in HOS and SaOS2 cells on 48 h duration and elevated the expression of IGF-IR β gene and Protein in SaoS-2 cells. TSH also promotes Runx2 responsive genes such as ALP, Collagen and osteocalcin in SaOS2 cells on day 2 to day 14 of 10 ng/mL of treatment and favors’ matrix mineralization matrix in these cells. In addition, TSH facilitated human osteoblastic cells to mineralize their matrix confirmed by day 21 of alizarin red calcium staining. In silico study was performed to check CREB and ELK1 interaction with Runx2. Results of in silico analysis showed that TSH mediated signalling molecules such as CREB and ELK1 showed interaction with Runx2 which involve in osteobalstic gene expression and differentiation. Present findings confirm that TSH promotes Runx2 expression, osteoblastic responsive genes and bone matrix formation.

Natural remedies from medicinal plants are known to be effective and reliable appropriate medicine for illnesses. The current research examined Plectranthus amboinicus’ anti diabetic property by docking the bioactive compounds of certain target proteins. We document the molecular docking analysis of bioactive compounds from Plectranthus amboinicus with protein Glucokinase. Molecular docking experiments were carried out in PyRx software. Results of these docking experiments showed that most of the compounds showed very strong interaction with the target protein Glucokinase. Based on the scoring parameters we have selected best four compounds (Rutin, Salvianolic acid, Luteolin and Salvigenin) which showed very good docking score and hydrogen bond interaction for diabetics.