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The data presented in this study represents the profile of metabolites of germinated Bambara groundnut flour (GBF) and starch (GBS) extracted using two different extraction solvents. Bambara groundnuts obtained from a local agro market in Minna, Niger State, Nigeria were germinated at 28 ± 1°C for 24, 48 and 72 h, dried and then processed into flour and starch. Raw Bambara groundnuts (0 h) were also processed into flour and starch and served as controls. Samples at the different germination times were extracted using methanol/water (80:20v/v) and acetonitrile/methanol/water (40:40:20 v/v/v), concentrated, reconstituted and analysed on a gas chromatography-high resolution time of flight-mass spectrometer (GC-HRTOF-MS). Data obtained were classified into compound groups such as acids, alcohols, cyclic compounds, esters, ketones, phytosterols, vitamins and many others, and their characteristics such as the retention time, observed mass, molecular formular and mean peak areas were reported. These data represent the collection of metabolites in GBF and GBS and may be useful for the identification and utilization of functional compounds in foods.
Ajibola Bamikole Oyedeji; Chiemela Enyinnaya Chinma; Ezekiel Green; Oluwafemi Ayodeji Adebo. Metabolite data of germinated Bambara groundnut flour and starch extracted with two different solvents. Data in Brief 2021, 38, 107288 .
AMA StyleAjibola Bamikole Oyedeji, Chiemela Enyinnaya Chinma, Ezekiel Green, Oluwafemi Ayodeji Adebo. Metabolite data of germinated Bambara groundnut flour and starch extracted with two different solvents. Data in Brief. 2021; 38 ():107288.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAjibola Bamikole Oyedeji; Chiemela Enyinnaya Chinma; Ezekiel Green; Oluwafemi Ayodeji Adebo. 2021. "Metabolite data of germinated Bambara groundnut flour and starch extracted with two different solvents." Data in Brief 38, no. : 107288.
Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are known to be highly pathogenic to insect pests, due to their associated symbiotic bacteria, which produce virulence factors, exo-enzymes and other harmful secondary metabolites to conquer, kill, and degrade their insect hosts. However, these properties are not fully characterized. This study reports on the antimicrobial activities of Photorhabdus sp. strain ETL, symbiotically associated to an insect pathogenic nematode, Heterorhabditis zealandica, against human pathogenic bacteria and toxigenic fungi, as well as the non-targeted profiling of its secondary metabolites (SMs) using gas chromatography coupled to high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Fatty acids including 3-eicosene, (E)-; 5-eicosene, (E)-; eicosene; 9-octadecenamide; undecanoic acid with shown antimicrobial activities were detected. This provided more insight on the composition and bioactivities of SMs produced by the Photorhabdus sp.
Tshikala Lulamba; Ezekiel Green; Mahloro Serepa-Dlamini. Photorhabdus sp. ETL Antimicrobial Properties and Characterization of Its Secondary Metabolites by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry. Life 2021, 11, 787 .
AMA StyleTshikala Lulamba, Ezekiel Green, Mahloro Serepa-Dlamini. Photorhabdus sp. ETL Antimicrobial Properties and Characterization of Its Secondary Metabolites by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry. Life. 2021; 11 (8):787.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTshikala Lulamba; Ezekiel Green; Mahloro Serepa-Dlamini. 2021. "Photorhabdus sp. ETL Antimicrobial Properties and Characterization of Its Secondary Metabolites by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry." Life 11, no. 8: 787.
Introduction Since ancient times medicinal plants have been used as medicine in many parts of the world to promote human health and longevity. In recent years many novel secondary metabolites of plants have been isolated and reported to provide lead compounds for new drug discoveries. Solanum mauritianum Scopoli is native to South America. It is reported to be used by native South Americans during famine as a vegetable and as medicine to cure various diseases. In South Africa the plant is viewed as weed and is facing eradication, however, this plant is a valuable subject for research into its potential pharmaceutical and chemical uses. This study elucidated the metabolic profile of fungal endophytes that have promising bioactive secondary metabolites against pathogenic microorganisms, including mycobacterium species. Material and methods Fungal endophytes from a weed Solanum mauritianum Scop. were used to synthesize secondary metabolites. Gas chromatograph high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-HRTOF-MS) was used to analyse volatile compounds to prove that potentially fungal endophytes could be extracted from this weed. Extracts obtained with ethyl acetate were screened for phytochemicals and analyzed using a gas chromatograph high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry system. Principal component analysis was used to compare the gas chromatograph high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry data for differences/similarities in their clustering. Phytochemical screening was conducted on the crude extracts of fungal endophytes obtained from different parts of Solanum mauritianum Scopoli (leaves, ripe fruit, unripe fruit and stems). Results Phytochemical screening indicated the presents of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, phenols, quinones and saponins. Quinones were not present in the crude extracts of Fusarium sp. A total of 991 compounds were observed in the fungal endophytes, and Cladosporium sp. (23.8%) had the highest number of compounds, compared to Paracamarosporium leucadendri (1.7%) and Talaromyces sp. (1.5%). Some volatile compounds such as eicosane, 2-pentadecanone, 2-methyloctacosane, hexacosane and tridecanoic acid methyl ester with antibacterial activity were also observed. Conclusion Compositional variations between the plant and fungal endophyte phytochemicals were observed. The results of this study indicate that fungal endophytes from Solanum mauritianum Scop. contain compounds that can be exploited for numerous pharmaceutical and medicinal applications.
Sharon Pauline Pelo; Oluwafemi Ayodeji Adebo; Ezekiel Green. Chemotaxonomic profiling of fungal endophytes of Solanum mauritianum (alien weed) using gas chromatography high resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-HRTOF-MS). Metabolomics 2021, 17, 1 -13.
AMA StyleSharon Pauline Pelo, Oluwafemi Ayodeji Adebo, Ezekiel Green. Chemotaxonomic profiling of fungal endophytes of Solanum mauritianum (alien weed) using gas chromatography high resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-HRTOF-MS). Metabolomics. 2021; 17 (5):1-13.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSharon Pauline Pelo; Oluwafemi Ayodeji Adebo; Ezekiel Green. 2021. "Chemotaxonomic profiling of fungal endophytes of Solanum mauritianum (alien weed) using gas chromatography high resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-HRTOF-MS)." Metabolomics 17, no. 5: 1-13.
Background. Foodborne diseases (FBD) caused by resistant pathogens are a global public health problem. One main driver of the increasing FBD incidence is the transfer of pathogenic organisms from animal guts to carcasses during processing and subsequent transfer from meat products to consumers. Methods. In this study, meat samples from abattoirs in the formal meat sector (FMS) (n=140) and slaughter points in the informal meat sector (IMS) (n=104) were collected for microbial detection and phenotypic AMR determination using polymerase chain reaction. Results. The antibiogram of Staphylococcus aureus isolates revealed that resistance to clindamycin (74.3%) and ampicillin (59.5%) was highest in the FMS, while resistance to penicillin (83.8%) and tetracycline (82.1%) was highest in the IMS. Escherichia coli isolates show significant resistance to chloramphenicol (90.7%) and tetracycline (82.3%) in the FMS. Likewise, resistance to tetracycline (92.3%) and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (87.5%) was highest in the IMS. The multiple antibiotic resistance index (MARI) for S. aureus and E. coli ranged from 0.3 to 0.8 and 0.2 to 0.5, respectively. Conclusion. This study suggests high-level contamination of meat with resistant pathogens and highlights the public health consequences associated with consuming such unhygienic products.
Ishmael Festus Jaja; Chinwe-Juliana Iwu Jaja; Nnamdi Vincent Chigor; Madubuike Umunna Anyanwu; Ezealisiji Kenneth Maduabuchi; James Wabwire Oguttu; Ezekiel Green. Antimicrobial Resistance Phenotype of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli Isolates Obtained from Meat in the Formal and Informal Sectors in South Africa. BioMed Research International 2020, 2020, 1 -11.
AMA StyleIshmael Festus Jaja, Chinwe-Juliana Iwu Jaja, Nnamdi Vincent Chigor, Madubuike Umunna Anyanwu, Ezealisiji Kenneth Maduabuchi, James Wabwire Oguttu, Ezekiel Green. Antimicrobial Resistance Phenotype of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli Isolates Obtained from Meat in the Formal and Informal Sectors in South Africa. BioMed Research International. 2020; 2020 ():1-11.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIshmael Festus Jaja; Chinwe-Juliana Iwu Jaja; Nnamdi Vincent Chigor; Madubuike Umunna Anyanwu; Ezealisiji Kenneth Maduabuchi; James Wabwire Oguttu; Ezekiel Green. 2020. "Antimicrobial Resistance Phenotype of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli Isolates Obtained from Meat in the Formal and Informal Sectors in South Africa." BioMed Research International 2020, no. : 1-11.
Compliance of the effluents from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) to the regulatory standards, which mostly entail the removal/reduction of organic waste and deactivation of the potential microbial pathogens is of great importance. The detection of indicator parameters can be used to determine the effectiveness of a WWTP and the level of compliance with the South African regulatory standards. The performance of the WWTP was assessed by biological, physical and chemical measures in wastewater final effluent. The Escherichia coli ranged from 0 and 2420 count/100 mL in the final effluent. The recorded values for the physicochemical parameters were within the following ranges: pH (7.03–8.49), electrical conductivity (81.63–126.5 mS/m), suspended solids (0.40–20.4 mg/L), ammonia (0–22.15 mg/L), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) (1–73 mg/L), nitrate (0–16.1 mg/L), ortho-phosphate (0–8.58 mg/L) and free chlorine (0–3.21 mg/L). Furthermore, the concentration of toxic heavy metals was recorded to be between 1–10 ug/L for arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury. In conclusion, all the parameters that were evaluated in this study indicate that the studied WWTP is performing in accordance with the prescribed general limits.
Stenly Makuwa; Matsobane Tlou; Elvis Fosso-Kankeu; Ezekiel Green. Evaluation of Fecal Coliform Prevalence and Physicochemical Indicators in the Effluent from a Wastewater Treatment Plant in the North-West Province, South Africa. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 6381 .
AMA StyleStenly Makuwa, Matsobane Tlou, Elvis Fosso-Kankeu, Ezekiel Green. Evaluation of Fecal Coliform Prevalence and Physicochemical Indicators in the Effluent from a Wastewater Treatment Plant in the North-West Province, South Africa. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (17):6381.
Chicago/Turabian StyleStenly Makuwa; Matsobane Tlou; Elvis Fosso-Kankeu; Ezekiel Green. 2020. "Evaluation of Fecal Coliform Prevalence and Physicochemical Indicators in the Effluent from a Wastewater Treatment Plant in the North-West Province, South Africa." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17: 6381.
Plant endophytes are microbial sources of bioactive secondary metabolites, which mimic the natural compounds chemistry of their respective host plants in a similar manner. This study explored the isolation and identification of fungal endophytes, and investigated the antibacterial and antimycobacterial activity of their crude extracts. Fungal endophytes were isolated from Solanum mauritianum, identified using morphological traits and internal transcribed spacer ribosomal-deoxyribonucleic acid (ITS-rDNA) sequence analysis. Eight fungal endophytes were identified as Aureobasidium pullulans, Paracamarosporium leucadendri, Cladosporium sp., Collectotrichum boninense, Fusarium sp., Hyalodendriella sp., and Talaromyces sp., while Penicillium chrysogenum was isolated from the leaves and unripe fruits. Good activity was observed for the crude extracts of Paracamarosporium leucadendri inhibiting Mycobacterium bovis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 6 µg/mL. Crude extracts of Fusarium sp., showed activity at 9 μg/mL against M. bovis, M. smegmatis and K. pneumonia. In general, the crude extracts showed great activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and novel results for two mycobacteria species M. bovis and M. smegmatis. The results provide evidence of diverse fungal endophytes isolated from Solanum mauritianum, and evidence that fungal endophytes are a good source of bioactive compounds with pharmaceutical potential, particularly against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Sharon Pelo; Vuyo Mavumengwana; Ezekiel Green. Diversity and Antimicrobial Activity of Culturable Fungal Endophytes in Solanum mauritianum. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 439 .
AMA StyleSharon Pelo, Vuyo Mavumengwana, Ezekiel Green. Diversity and Antimicrobial Activity of Culturable Fungal Endophytes in Solanum mauritianum. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (2):439.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSharon Pelo; Vuyo Mavumengwana; Ezekiel Green. 2020. "Diversity and Antimicrobial Activity of Culturable Fungal Endophytes in Solanum mauritianum." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 2: 439.
The results from this study revealed that crude extracts isolated from bacterial endophytes obtained from Crinum macowanii bulbs showed activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria, while Acinetobacter guillouiae crude extracts displayed anticancer activity. This study aimed to isolate and characterize bacterial endophytes and their crude extracts from C. macowanii bulbs. Endophytes were isolated using validated surface sterilization techniques, followed by phenotypic and genotypic profiles of the isolates. Crude extracts were extracted from the endophytes using ethyl acetate, while methanol:dichloromethane (1:1) was used to obtain crude extracts from the bulbs. Antibacterial activity of crude extract from each endophyte was investigated against selected pathogenic strains using the broth microdilution method, and anticancer activity against U87MG glioblastoma and A549 lung carcinoma cells was determined by the MTS (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxy-phenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium) assay. Acinetobacter guillouiae, Pseudomonas moraviensis, Pseudomonas sp., Rahnella aquatilis, Bacillus cereus, Novosphingobium sp., Raoultella ornithinolytica, and Burkholderia tropica were successfully isolated. The crude extracts from the majority of endophytes showed antibacterial activity, ranging from 0.125 to >16.00 mg/ml against Gram-negative and Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria. Acinetobacter guillouiae extracts showed a high bioactive potential against U87MG glioblastoma cell lines by reducing their growth by 50% at concentrations of 12.5, 6.25, and 3.13 µg/ml. Crude extracts isolated from C. macowanii bulbs showed potential for possible drug lead against common pathogenic bacteria.
Tendani E. Sebola; Nkemdinma C. Uche‐Okereafor; Kudzanai I. Tapfuma; Lukhanyo Mekuto; Ezekiel Green; Vuyo Mavumengwana. Evaluating antibacterial and anticancer activity of crude extracts of bacterial endophytes from Crinum macowanii Baker bulbs. MicrobiologyOpen 2019, 8, e914 .
AMA StyleTendani E. Sebola, Nkemdinma C. Uche‐Okereafor, Kudzanai I. Tapfuma, Lukhanyo Mekuto, Ezekiel Green, Vuyo Mavumengwana. Evaluating antibacterial and anticancer activity of crude extracts of bacterial endophytes from Crinum macowanii Baker bulbs. MicrobiologyOpen. 2019; 8 (12):e914.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTendani E. Sebola; Nkemdinma C. Uche‐Okereafor; Kudzanai I. Tapfuma; Lukhanyo Mekuto; Ezekiel Green; Vuyo Mavumengwana. 2019. "Evaluating antibacterial and anticancer activity of crude extracts of bacterial endophytes from Crinum macowanii Baker bulbs." MicrobiologyOpen 8, no. 12: e914.
Endophytes are microorganisms that are perceived as non-pathogenic symbionts found inside plants since they cause no symptoms of disease on the host plant. Soil conditions and geography among other factors contribute to the type(s) of endophytes isolated from plants. Our research interest is the antibacterial activity of secondary metabolite crude extracts from the medicinal plant Solanum mauritianum and its bacterial endophytes. Fresh, healthy stems of S. mauritianum were collected, washed, surface sterilized, macerated in PBS, inoculated in the nutrient agar plates, and incubated for 5 days at 30 °C. Amplification and sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene was applied to identify the isolated bacterial endophytes. These endophytes were then grown in nutrient broth for 7–14 days, after which sterilized Amberlite® XAD7HP 20–60 mesh (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) resin was added to each culture to adsorb the secondary metabolites, which were later extracted using ethyl acetate. Concentrated crude extracts from each bacterial endophyte were tested for antibacterial activity against 11 pathogenic bacteria and two human cancer cell lines. In this study, a total of three bacterial endophytes of the Pantoea genus were identified from the stem of S. mauritianum. The antibacterial test showed that crude secondary metabolites of the endophytes and stem of S. mauritianum possessed antibacterial properties against pathogenic microbes such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with concentrations showing inhibition ranging from 0.0625 to 8.0000 mg/mL. The anticancer analysis showed an increase in cell proliferation when A549 lung carcinoma and UMG87 glioblastoma cell lines were treated with both the plant and endophytes’ crude extracts. As far as we know, this is the first study of its kind on Solanum mauritianum in South Africa showing S. mauritianum endophytes having activity against some of the common human pathogenic organisms.
Nkemdinma Uche-Okereafor; Tendani Sebola; Kudzanai Tapfuma; Lukhanyo Mekuto; Ezekiel Green; Vuyo Mavumengwana. Antibacterial Activities of Crude Secondary Metabolite Extracts from Pantoea Species Obtained from the Stem of Solanum mauritianum and Their Effects on Two Cancer Cell Lines. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019, 16, 602 .
AMA StyleNkemdinma Uche-Okereafor, Tendani Sebola, Kudzanai Tapfuma, Lukhanyo Mekuto, Ezekiel Green, Vuyo Mavumengwana. Antibacterial Activities of Crude Secondary Metabolite Extracts from Pantoea Species Obtained from the Stem of Solanum mauritianum and Their Effects on Two Cancer Cell Lines. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16 (4):602.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNkemdinma Uche-Okereafor; Tendani Sebola; Kudzanai Tapfuma; Lukhanyo Mekuto; Ezekiel Green; Vuyo Mavumengwana. 2019. "Antibacterial Activities of Crude Secondary Metabolite Extracts from Pantoea Species Obtained from the Stem of Solanum mauritianum and Their Effects on Two Cancer Cell Lines." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 4: 602.
Background: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) occasionally threatens the life of the host as a persistent pathogen even though it is normal flora of humans and animals. We characterized drug resistance in S. aureus isolated from animal carcasses and milk samples from the abattoirs and dairy farms in the Eastern Cape Province. Methods: A total of 1000 meat swab samples and 200 raw milk samples were collected from selected abattoirs and dairy farms. S. aureus was isolated and positively identified using biochemical tests and confirmed by molecular methods. An antibiotic susceptibility test was performed on all isolates for 14 antibiotics and correspondent genes were detected. Results: Of the 1200 samples collected, 134 (11.2%) samples were positive for S. aureus. Resistance ranged from 71.6% for penicillin G to 39.2% for tetracycline. A resistance gene (blaZ) was detected in 13 (14.9%), while msrA was found in 31 (52.5%) of S. aureus isolates. Conclusions: The present result shows the potential dissemination of multidrug-resistant S. aureus strains in the dairy farms and abattoirs in the Eastern Cape. Therefore, this implies that the organism may rapidly spread through food and pose serious public health risk.
Abongile Pekana; Ezekiel Green. Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Meat Carcasses and Bovine Milk in Abattoirs and Dairy Farms of the Eastern Cape, South Africa. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2018, 15, 2223 .
AMA StyleAbongile Pekana, Ezekiel Green. Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Meat Carcasses and Bovine Milk in Abattoirs and Dairy Farms of the Eastern Cape, South Africa. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15 (10):2223.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbongile Pekana; Ezekiel Green. 2018. "Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Meat Carcasses and Bovine Milk in Abattoirs and Dairy Farms of the Eastern Cape, South Africa." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 10: 2223.
Background: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) occasionally threatens the life of the host as a persistent pathogen even though it is normal flora of humans and animals. We characterized drug resistance in S. aureus isolated from animal carcasses and milk samples from the abattoirs and dairy farms in the Eastern Cape Province. Methods: A 1000 meat swab samples and 200 raw milk samples were collected from selected abattoirs and dairy farms in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. S. aureus was isolated and positively identified using biochemical tests and confirmed by molecular methods. Antibiotic susceptibility test against 14 different antibiotics was performed against all isolates. Antibiotic resistance genes were also detected. Results: Of the 1200 samples collected, 134 (11.2%) samples were positive for S. aureus. Resistance ranged from 71.6% for penicillin G to 39.2% for tetracycline. Resistance gene (blaZ) was detected in 13 (14.9%), while msrA was found in 31 (52.5%) of S. aureus isolates. Conclusions: The present result shows the potential dissemination of multidrug-resistant S. aureus strains in the dairy farms and abattoirs in the Eastern Cape. Therefore, this implies that the organism may rapidly spread through food and pose serious public health risk
Ezekiel Green; Abongile Pekana. Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Staphylococcus Aureus Isolated from Meat Carcasses and Bovine Milk in Abattoirs and Dairy Farms of the Eastern Cape, South Africa. 2018, 1 .
AMA StyleEzekiel Green, Abongile Pekana. Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Staphylococcus Aureus Isolated from Meat Carcasses and Bovine Milk in Abattoirs and Dairy Farms of the Eastern Cape, South Africa. . 2018; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEzekiel Green; Abongile Pekana. 2018. "Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Staphylococcus Aureus Isolated from Meat Carcasses and Bovine Milk in Abattoirs and Dairy Farms of the Eastern Cape, South Africa." , no. : 1.
In this study, we investigated the diversity of drug‐resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from families who own cattle in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa using spoligotyping and mycobacterial interspersed repetitive‐unit‐variable number tandem repeat (MIRU‐VNTR) typing. The Mycobacterium tuberculosis was investigated using MIRU‐VNTR and the Mycobacterium tuberculosis families were evaluated using spoligotyping. Spoligotyping grouped 91% of the isolates into seven clusters, while 9% of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from TB isolates were unclustered from a total of 154 DNA used. Previously described shared types were observed in 89.6% of the isolates, with the Beijing family, SIT1, the principal genotype in the province, while the families T, SIT53 and X1, SIT1329 were the least detected genotypes. MIRU‐VNTR grouped 81% of the isolates in 23 clusters while 19% were unclustered. A combination of the VNTR and spoligotyping grouped 79% of the isolates into 23 clusters with 21% unclustered. The low level of diversity and the clonal spread of drug‐resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates advocate that the spread of TB in this study may be instigated by the clonal spread of Beijing genotype. The results from this study provide vital information about the lack of TB control and distribution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex strain types in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa.
Nolwazi L. Bhembe; Uchechukwu Nwodo; Anthony Okoh; Chikwelu L. Obi; Leonard V. Mabinya; Ezekiel Green. Clonality and genetic profiles of drug‐resistantMycobacterium tuberculosisin the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. MicrobiologyOpen 2018, 8, e00449 .
AMA StyleNolwazi L. Bhembe, Uchechukwu Nwodo, Anthony Okoh, Chikwelu L. Obi, Leonard V. Mabinya, Ezekiel Green. Clonality and genetic profiles of drug‐resistantMycobacterium tuberculosisin the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. MicrobiologyOpen. 2018; 8 (3):e00449.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNolwazi L. Bhembe; Uchechukwu Nwodo; Anthony Okoh; Chikwelu L. Obi; Leonard V. Mabinya; Ezekiel Green. 2018. "Clonality and genetic profiles of drug‐resistantMycobacterium tuberculosisin the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa." MicrobiologyOpen 8, no. 3: e00449.
Foodborne disease (FBD) is a global public health concern, and foods from animal sources have been associated with outbreaks of food-related illness. In this study, animal carcasses from the two abattoirs (HT1 and HT2) in the formal meat sector (FMS) and slaughter points in the informal meat sector (INMS) were examined at two stages of slaughter (before washing and after washing) for aerobic colony counts (ACC) and total viable count (TCC), as well as Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus count. At each stage, carcasses were sampled by swabbing at the neck, brisket, flank, and rump. ACC for beef, mutton, and pork carcasses at HT1 and HT2 before washing were between 2.5–5.8, 2.2–4.7, and 2.7–3.7 mean log CFU/cm2, respectively, and TCC count before washing was highest on the neck of cattle (6.3 ± 2.4) and after washing was highest on the perineal of sheep (5.7 ± 6.9). In the INMS, TCC count was highest on the brisket (6.9 ± 3.2) and in the neck (5.5 ± 2.4). Higher ACC values of 6.2–6.7 mean log CFU/cm2 were obtained in the INMS. The highest count for E. coli (4.2 mean log CFU/cm2) after washing was in the neck, while the highest count for S. aureus (4.0 mean log CFU/cm2) was in the flank. All bacteria count in the INMS exceeded acceptable limits, and washing did not significantly reduce microbial load in meat in the FMS and INMS. Bacteria count in the FMS and INMS exceeded acceptable standards. However, meat processed in the INMS poses a more significant risk of FBD to consumers.
Ishmael Festus Jaja; Ezekiel Green; Voster Muchenje. Aerobic Mesophilic, Coliform, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus Counts of Raw Meat from the Formal and Informal Meat Sectors in South Africa. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2018, 15, 819 .
AMA StyleIshmael Festus Jaja, Ezekiel Green, Voster Muchenje. Aerobic Mesophilic, Coliform, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus Counts of Raw Meat from the Formal and Informal Meat Sectors in South Africa. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15 (4):819.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIshmael Festus Jaja; Ezekiel Green; Voster Muchenje. 2018. "Aerobic Mesophilic, Coliform, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus Counts of Raw Meat from the Formal and Informal Meat Sectors in South Africa." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 4: 819.
Global demand for food is surging upward due to the expansion of human population. Hence food production and supply need to double with little or no waste to meet this demand. Food loss at any point in the farm to fork chain inhibits the stability of food security at household and national level. A retrospective (AR) and a post mortem meat inspection (PMMI) study to identify major causes of offal and carcass condemnation was conducted in three abattoirs namely, Adeliade, Queenstown and East London abattoirs represented as AD, QT, and EL respectively. The retrospective study revealed the main causes of tongue condemnation as abscess (0.08%, 0.03% and 0.05%) and actinobacillosis (0.02%, 0% and 0.02%) respectively. The spleen was condemned due to abscess (0.35%, 0.94% and 0.17%) and splenomegaly (0.21%, 0.55% and 0.2%). The heart was condemned due to cyst (0.24%, 0.36% and 0.2%) and inflammation (0.9%, 1.85%, and 0.75%). While the kidney, was condemned due to cyst (0.08%, 0.23% and 0.16%) and nephritis (0.94%, 1.01% and 1.18%). However, a greater percentage of condemnation was recorded during the active abattoir study. During the same period, partial carcass condemnations were mainly due to bruises (63.3%, 50.4% and 41.0%), abscess (7%, 6% and 14%) and improper evisceration (19%, 31% and 27%). The combined monetary loss due to offal's and carcass condemnation during the AR and PMMI study was estimated as ZAR 255194.4 (34191.5 USD) and ZAR 25958.8 (2570.2 USD) respectively. This study identified major causes of offals and carcass condemnation as abscess, bruises, actinobacillosis, cyst, inflammatory conditions and improper evisceration. It can be used as starting point information for early warning on livestock diseases of economic loss in South Africa.
Ishmael Festus Jaja; Borden Mushonga; Ezekiel Green; Voster Muchenje. Factors responsible for the post-slaughter loss of carcass and offal’s in abattoirs in South Africa. Acta Tropica 2018, 178, 303 -310.
AMA StyleIshmael Festus Jaja, Borden Mushonga, Ezekiel Green, Voster Muchenje. Factors responsible for the post-slaughter loss of carcass and offal’s in abattoirs in South Africa. Acta Tropica. 2018; 178 ():303-310.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIshmael Festus Jaja; Borden Mushonga; Ezekiel Green; Voster Muchenje. 2018. "Factors responsible for the post-slaughter loss of carcass and offal’s in abattoirs in South Africa." Acta Tropica 178, no. : 303-310.
Godfred Ngu Tanih; Anthony Ifeanyin Okoh; Roland Ndip Ndip; Uchechukwu Uchechukwu Nwodo; Ezekiel Green. Multidrug resistance in Enterococcus species of faecal origin from commercial dairy lactating cattle: Public health concern. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease 2017, 7, 665 -670.
AMA StyleGodfred Ngu Tanih, Anthony Ifeanyin Okoh, Roland Ndip Ndip, Uchechukwu Uchechukwu Nwodo, Ezekiel Green. Multidrug resistance in Enterococcus species of faecal origin from commercial dairy lactating cattle: Public health concern. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease. 2017; 7 (11):665-670.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGodfred Ngu Tanih; Anthony Ifeanyin Okoh; Roland Ndip Ndip; Uchechukwu Uchechukwu Nwodo; Ezekiel Green. 2017. "Multidrug resistance in Enterococcus species of faecal origin from commercial dairy lactating cattle: Public health concern." Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease 7, no. 11: 665-670.
The presence of live Mycobacterium strains in slaughtered cattle poses a health risk to beef consumers and abattoir workers.
Nolwazi L. Bhembe; Ishmael F. Jaja; Uchechukwu U. Nwodo; Anthony I. Okoh; Ezekiel Green. Prevalence of tuberculous lymphadenitis in slaughtered cattle in Eastern Cape, South Africa. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 2017, 61, 27 -37.
AMA StyleNolwazi L. Bhembe, Ishmael F. Jaja, Uchechukwu U. Nwodo, Anthony I. Okoh, Ezekiel Green. Prevalence of tuberculous lymphadenitis in slaughtered cattle in Eastern Cape, South Africa. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2017; 61 ():27-37.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNolwazi L. Bhembe; Ishmael F. Jaja; Uchechukwu U. Nwodo; Anthony I. Okoh; Ezekiel Green. 2017. "Prevalence of tuberculous lymphadenitis in slaughtered cattle in Eastern Cape, South Africa." International Journal of Infectious Diseases 61, no. : 27-37.
Lesley-Anne Caine; Uchechukwu Uchechukwu Nwodo; Anthony Ifeanyin Okoh; Ezekiel Green. Molecular characterization of Brucella species in cattle, sheep and goats obtained from selected municipalities in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease 2017, 7, 293 -298.
AMA StyleLesley-Anne Caine, Uchechukwu Uchechukwu Nwodo, Anthony Ifeanyin Okoh, Ezekiel Green. Molecular characterization of Brucella species in cattle, sheep and goats obtained from selected municipalities in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease. 2017; 7 (5):293-298.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLesley-Anne Caine; Uchechukwu Uchechukwu Nwodo; Anthony Ifeanyin Okoh; Ezekiel Green. 2017. "Molecular characterization of Brucella species in cattle, sheep and goats obtained from selected municipalities in the Eastern Cape, South Africa." Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease 7, no. 5: 293-298.
Food production needs to double, with minimum waste, if hunger and poverty is to be alleviated in South Africa. The condemnation of liver during meat inspection represents a huge waste of a protein food resource. This paper measures the quantity of liver condemned in three abattoirs in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa and assesses the causes and the monetary loss associated with these condemnations. A retrospective study (RS) (n = 51 302) involving the use of abattoir slaughter records from 2010–2012 and a post-mortem meat inspection (PMMI) (n = 1374) was conducted from July to December 2013. The RS revealed the leading cause of liver wastage as fasciolosis (5.95%, 4.48%, and 2.7%), fibrosis (2.74%, 2.37%, and 1.0%), and abscessation (1.11%, 2.78%, and 1.5%) for the 2010, 2011, and 2012 respectively. During the PMMI, the same factors caused liver condemnation in addition to calcification (8.3%, 6.8%, and 3.2%), Cysticercosis bovis (1.7%, 2.4%, and 1.3%) and improper evisceration (4.8%, 12.4%, and 27.1%) for the abattoirs X, Y, and Z respectively. A total of R 343, 330 (USD 45,271.07) was lost due to the condemnation of liver between 2010 and 2012. The further loss of 3290.4 kg of liver was calculated for the six month in 2013, and its financial value was R 59, 227.2 (USD 5889.82). The result of this study provide baseline information on major causes of liver wastage in cattle slaughtered in South Africa as well as the direct financial losses and demonstrate the huge waste of ideal protein food source.
Ishmael Festus Jaja; Borden Mushonga; Ezekiel Green; Voster Muchenje. A Quantitative Assessment of Causes of Bovine Liver Condemnation and Its Implication for Food Security in the Eastern Cape Province South Africa. Sustainability 2017, 9, 736 .
AMA StyleIshmael Festus Jaja, Borden Mushonga, Ezekiel Green, Voster Muchenje. A Quantitative Assessment of Causes of Bovine Liver Condemnation and Its Implication for Food Security in the Eastern Cape Province South Africa. Sustainability. 2017; 9 (5):736.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIshmael Festus Jaja; Borden Mushonga; Ezekiel Green; Voster Muchenje. 2017. "A Quantitative Assessment of Causes of Bovine Liver Condemnation and Its Implication for Food Security in the Eastern Cape Province South Africa." Sustainability 9, no. 5: 736.
Ligninolytic extracellular enzymes, including lignin peroxidase, are topical owing to their high redox potential and prospective industrial applications. The prospective applications of lignin peroxidase span through sectors such as biorefinery, textile, energy, bioremediation, cosmetology, and dermatology industries. The litany of potentials attributed to lignin peroxidase is occasioned by its versatility in the degradation of xenobiotics and compounds with both phenolic and non-phenolic constituents. Over the years, ligninolytic enzymes have been studied however; research on lignin peroxidase seems to have been lagging when compared to other ligninolytic enzymes which are extracellular in nature including laccase and manganese peroxidase. This assertion becomes more pronounced when the application of lignin peroxidase is put into perspective. Consequently, a succinct documentation of the contemporary functionalities of lignin peroxidase and, some prospective applications of futuristic relevance has been advanced in this review. Some articulated applications include delignification of feedstock for ethanol production, textile effluent treatment and dye decolourization, coal depolymerization, treatment of hyperpigmentation, and skin-lightening through melanin oxidation. Prospective application of lignin peroxidase in skin-lightening functions through novel mechanisms, hence, it holds high value for the cosmetics sector where it may serve as suitable alternative to hydroquinone; a potent skin-lightening agent whose safety has generated lots of controversy and concern.
Ayodeji O. Falade; Uchechukwu U. Nwodo; Benson C. Iweriebor; Ezekiel Green; Leonard Vuyani Mabinya; Anthony Okoh. Lignin peroxidase functionalities and prospective applications. MicrobiologyOpen 2016, 6, e00394 .
AMA StyleAyodeji O. Falade, Uchechukwu U. Nwodo, Benson C. Iweriebor, Ezekiel Green, Leonard Vuyani Mabinya, Anthony Okoh. Lignin peroxidase functionalities and prospective applications. MicrobiologyOpen. 2016; 6 (1):e00394.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAyodeji O. Falade; Uchechukwu U. Nwodo; Benson C. Iweriebor; Ezekiel Green; Leonard Vuyani Mabinya; Anthony Okoh. 2016. "Lignin peroxidase functionalities and prospective applications." MicrobiologyOpen 6, no. 1: e00394.
A bioflocculant produced by a Bacillus species was assessed with regards to its physiochemical properties and flocculating efficiency. Identification of the bacteria through 16S rDNA sequencing revealed it to have 99% similarity to Bacillus pumilus strain ZAP 028. The optimum culture conditions for bioflocculant production by the bacterial strain were inoculum size of 4% (v/v), maltose as a sole carbon source, multiple nitrogen source (yeast extract, urea and ammonium sulfate) and medium initial pH 7. The bioflocculant was thermostable with high flocculating rate for kaolin suspension at low dosage 0.1 mg/mL over a wide pH range (3–11). Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis result of the purified bioflocculant showed that hydroxyl, amino and carboxyl groups were the main functional moieties in its molecular structure. The bioflocculant was composed of sugar (75.4%), protein (5.3%) and uronic acid (15.4%). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed a dendritic bioflocculant structure and the energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis revealed that the purified bioflocculant had weight fractions of elements as follows: 22.71% of C, 11.56% of N, 41.60% of O, 0.51% of S and 7.98% of P. The bioflocculant produced had strong flocculating activity and high thermal stability, which affords its utilization in industrial processes.
Busisiwe Makapela; Kunle Okaiyeto; Ncedo Ntozonke; Uchechukwu U. Nwodo; Ezekiel Green; Leonard V. Mabinya; Anthony I. Okoh. Assessment of Bacillus pumilus Isolated from Fresh Water Milieu for Bioflocculant Production. Applied Sciences 2016, 6, 211 .
AMA StyleBusisiwe Makapela, Kunle Okaiyeto, Ncedo Ntozonke, Uchechukwu U. Nwodo, Ezekiel Green, Leonard V. Mabinya, Anthony I. Okoh. Assessment of Bacillus pumilus Isolated from Fresh Water Milieu for Bioflocculant Production. Applied Sciences. 2016; 6 (8):211.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBusisiwe Makapela; Kunle Okaiyeto; Ncedo Ntozonke; Uchechukwu U. Nwodo; Ezekiel Green; Leonard V. Mabinya; Anthony I. Okoh. 2016. "Assessment of Bacillus pumilus Isolated from Fresh Water Milieu for Bioflocculant Production." Applied Sciences 6, no. 8: 211.
The occurrence of enteric viruses in reclaimed wastewater, their removal by efficient treatment processes and the public health hazards associated with their release into the environments are of great significance in environmental microbiology. In this study, TaqMan-based real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to assess the prevalence of human adenovirus (HAdV), rotavirus (RV) and hepatitis A virus (HAV) in the final effluents of two wastewater treatment plants in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa, over a twelve-month sampling period. The correlation between the concentrations of viruses in the effluents samples and faecal coliform (FC) densities were assessed as to validate the use of FC as microbiological indicator in water quality assessment. HAdV was detected in 62.5 % (30/48) of the samples with concentrations ranging between 8.4 × 101 and 1.0 × 105 genome copies/L while HAV and RV were only detected at concentrations below the set detection limits. FCs densities ranged from 1 to 2.7 × 104 CFU/100 ml. Adenovirus species HAdV-B (serotype 2) and HAdV-F (serotype 41) were detected in 86.7 % (26/30) and 6.7 % (2/30) of the HAdV-positive samples, respectively. No consistent seasonal trend was observed in HAdV concentrations, however, increased concentrations of HAdV were generally observed in the winter months. Also, there was no correlation between the occurrence of HAdV and FC at both the treatment plants. The persistent occurrence of HAdV in the discharged treated effluents points to the potential public health risk through the release of HAdV into the receiving watersheds, and the possibility of their transmission to human population.
Martins Ajibade Adefisoye; Uchechukwu Nwodo; Ezekiel Green; Anthony Okoh. Quantitative PCR Detection and Characterisation of Human Adenovirus, Rotavirus and Hepatitis A Virus in Discharged Effluents of Two Wastewater Treatment Facilities in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Food and Environmental Virology 2016, 8, 262 -274.
AMA StyleMartins Ajibade Adefisoye, Uchechukwu Nwodo, Ezekiel Green, Anthony Okoh. Quantitative PCR Detection and Characterisation of Human Adenovirus, Rotavirus and Hepatitis A Virus in Discharged Effluents of Two Wastewater Treatment Facilities in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Food and Environmental Virology. 2016; 8 (4):262-274.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartins Ajibade Adefisoye; Uchechukwu Nwodo; Ezekiel Green; Anthony Okoh. 2016. "Quantitative PCR Detection and Characterisation of Human Adenovirus, Rotavirus and Hepatitis A Virus in Discharged Effluents of Two Wastewater Treatment Facilities in the Eastern Cape, South Africa." Food and Environmental Virology 8, no. 4: 262-274.