Bhimal (Grewia oppositifolia) is the most important agroforestry tree species used for fodder, fuel and fiber in the Himalayan region. In the present study, G. oppositifolia-based traditional agroforestry systems were selected for the estimation of carbon stock and the production potential of barnyard millet (Echinochloa frumentacea) and finger millet (Eleusine coracana), with two elevational ranges, i.e., 1000–1400 and 1400–1800 m amsl, in Garhwal Himalaya, India. The results of the investigation showed a decline in the growth and yield attributes of both the millet crops under the G. oppositifolia-based agroforestry system at both elevations as compared to their respective control sites (sole crops). Among the elevations, the total number of tillers per plant (2.70 and 2.48), the number of active tillers per plant (2.18 and 2.25), panicle length (17.63 cm and 6.95 cm), 1000-seed weight (5.49 g and 4.33 g), grain yield (10.77 q ha⁻¹ and 11.35 q ha⁻¹), straw yield (37.43 q ha⁻¹ and 30.15 q ha⁻¹), biological yield (48.21 q ha⁻¹ and 41.51 q ha⁻¹) and the harvest index (22.53% and 27.78%) were recorded as higher in the lower elevation in both E. frumentacea and E. coracana, respectively, while plant population per m² (18.64 and 25.26, respectively) was recorded as higher in the upper elevation. Plant height for E. frumentacea (180.40 cm) was also observed to be higher in the upper elevation, while for E. coracana (98.04 cm), it was recorded as higher in the lower elevation. Tree carbon stock was reported negatively with an increase in altitude. The maximum amount of sequestered carbon in the tree biomass for G. oppositifolia was 23.29 Mg ha⁻¹ at the lower elevation and 18.09 Mg ha⁻¹ at the upper elevation. Total carbon stock in the tree biomass was reported to be the highest (15.15 Mg ha⁻¹) in the 10–20 cm diameter class, followed by 20–30 cm (6.99 Mg ha⁻¹), >30 cm (2.75 Mg ha⁻¹) and the lowest (2.32 Mg ha⁻¹) in the <10 cm diameter class. The results show that the yield of E. frumentacea and E. coracana was not reduced so severely under the G. oppositifolia system; however, keeping in mind the other benefits of this multipurpose tree, i.e., carbon sequestration and socioecological relevance, farmers can get benefit from adopting these crops under G. oppositifolia-based agroforestry systems.

A field study was conducted at Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre of GB Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar to assess the system of root intensification under transplanting system in Brassica spe- cies during winter (rabi) season of 201415. The experiment was designed in split plot arrangement taking method of planting in main-plots and Brassica species in sub-plots with 3 replications. The growth and yield pa- rameters of Brassica species were affected significantly by methods of planting. The highest seed yield was re- corded with transplanting at 60 cm 60 cm spacing. The highest seed and stover yields were obtained in RP 09 (Brassica carinata) transplanted at 60 cm 60 cm spacing. These findings suggest that growing rapeseed-mus- tard crop through transplanting holds a great promise under tarai conditions of Uttarakhand.

A field experiment was conducted during the winter (rabi) season of 2013–14 at Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, to study the effect of irrigation scheduling and hydrogel levels on growth, yield attributes, yield, quality, net returns and water- use efficiency (WUE) of Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj. & Cosson]. Growth parameters, yield attributes, seed yield, WUE and net returns were influenced with the application of irrigation and hydrogel. Yield attributes as well as yield were higher under irrigated conditions. All these parameters were observed higher with application of hydrogel at 5 kg/ha.