Finding a suitable site to dispose solid waste is a difficult task for municipality because it is necessary to consider the different factors and criteria in the landfill siting process. In this study, in order to consider all parameters, a combination of Geographic Information System (GIS) and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used for landfill site selection. For the purpose of making decisions in landfill site selection a hierarchy structural was formed and different parameters have been identified, including distance to groundwater, distance to surface water, sensitive ecosystems, land cover, distance to urban and rural areas, land uses, distance to roads, slope, soil type and distance to waste generation places. At first, the rating method was used to evaluate each criterion individually. Then, the relative importance of criteria to each other was determined by an analytic hierarchy process (AHP). Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) method was applied to evaluate the land suitability. The results showed that 38% of the study area have high suitability for land filling. Finally, five sites were a candidate for field investigation with more details.

Contamination of water bodies with toxic and non-biodegradable heavy metals is a serious environmental problem. Chromium is a very important contaminant in soil, industrial waste, groundwater, and surface water sources. This study was conducted to assess hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) adsorption onto modified magnetite nanoparticles from aqueous solution. The effects of adsorbent dose, pH, contact time, initial Cr(VI) concentrations, adsorption capacity, and modeling of kinetic and isotherm adsorption of Cr(VI) were investigated. Modified magnetite nanoparticles were synthesized by using a co-precipitation method, and its structural and textural properties were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The maximum removal of Cr(VI) was achieved at pH 4.0. A contact time of 60 min was required to reach the equilibrium. Experimental data were fitted with different nonlinear isotherm and kinetic models. The results showed that the adsorption data were fitted well by the Redlich and Peterson and Freundlich isotherm models. The kinetic data were best fitted to pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The results indicate that modified nano-sized magnetite could be employed as adsorbent for the removal of Cr(VI) in aqueous environments effectively.

Phenols are chemical compounds which are included in the high priority of pollutants by environmental protection agency (USEPA). The presence of high concentrations of phenols in wastewaters like oil refineries, petrochemical plants, olive oil, pesticide production and oil field operations contain high soluble solids (TDS) and in an olive oil plant, wastewater is acidic, high salty and phenol concentrations are in the range of 0.1- 1%. Kinetic parameters were calculated according to Monod, Modified Stover- Kincannon, Hamoda and Haldane models. The influence of different initial phenol concentrations on the biodegradation rate was performed. The concentrations of phenol varied from 0 to 500 mg/l. The value of Ki in saline phenolic wastewater in attached growth systems was higher than suspended growth systems that represented a higher phenol inhibition in suspended growth systems. It was obvious that the best model fitting the obtained data are Hamoda model and the Modified Stover-Kincannon model, having highest R 2 values of 0.991 and 1, respectively. The value of Ki in saline phenolic wastewater in attached growth system was higher than suspended growth systems which represented a higher phenol inhibition in suspended growth systems. Hamoda model and the Modified Stover-Kincannon model having highest R2 value of 0.991 and 1, respectively, and also predicting reasonable kinetic coefficient values.

Spent tea-supported magnetite (ST/Mag) nanoparticles were synthesized as an adsorbent for the removal of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] from saline wastewater. Prepared ST/Mag adsorbent was characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Various factors affecting the uptake behavior such as pH, contact time, initial concentration of metal ions, adsorbent dose, coexisting ions, and desorption behavior were studied using batch tests. The results revealed that adsorption of Cr(VI) was highly pH dependent and the kinetics of the adsorption followed by the Avrami fractional-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models. The results showed that the adsorption isotherms were more accurately represented by Langmuir and Liu isotherm models with a sorption capacity of 30.0 mg g⁻¹. Adsorption experiments with co-ions indicated that the adsorptive removal of Cr(VI) ions was slightly decreased. Desorption studies using alkaline eluents showed maximum recovery of ST/Mag and only 10% decrease occurring in maximum adsorption capacity after five cycles. The ST/Mag nanoparticles proved to be a very prospective adsorbent for Cr(VI) uptake from industrial high-TDS effluents.

Eating behaviors in early childhood are crucial for long-term health and weight management. Behavioral interventions grounded in social and family dynamics may play a pivotal role in improving these habits. This study evaluates the effectiveness of a Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) and Family System Theory (FST)-based intervention in modifying eating behaviors in preschool children. An experimental study was conducted from September 2022 to July 2023 with 120 preschool children in Behbahan City, Iran. Participants were selected using a multi-stage random sampling method. The intervention was delivered to mothers over six educational sessions, focusing on parenting styles and behavior modification strategies. The Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire (CEBQ) was administered at baseline, three months, and six months post-intervention. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 24. In the intervention group, Satiety Responsiveness (SR) and Slowness in Eating (SE) scores increased by 0.60 and 0.14, respectively, while Desire to Drink (DD), Emotional Over-Eating (EOE), Enjoyment of Food (EF), and Food Responsiveness (FR) decreased by 2.20, 0.85, 0.22, and 0.56 points, respectively. Repeated-measures ANOVA revealed significant differences in SR, DD, and FR across time points (p < 0.05), suggesting a sustained effect of the intervention. A family-focused intervention integrating SCT and FST can effectively improve eating behaviors in preschool children by empowering mothers with behavioral and parenting strategies. These findings support the importance of early, structured interventions in preventing childhood obesity. A family-based SCT- and FST-driven intervention improved preschoolers’ eating behaviors. SR and SE increased, while DD, EOE, EF, and FR significantly decreased (p < 0.05). Parental involvement and behavioral reinforcement were key to intervention success. Findings support cost-effective, parent-centered strategies for childhood obesity prevention. Future research should assess the long-term effects of BMI and refine dietary interventions.