Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disease whose progression and clinical characteristics have a close bidirectional and multilevel relationship with the process of neuroinflammation. In this context, it is necessary to understand the mechanisms involved in this neuroinflammation–PD link. This systematic search was, hereby, conducted with a focus on the four levels where alterations associated with neuroinflammation in PD have been described (genetic, cellular, histopathological and clinical-behavioral) by consulting the PubMed, Google Scholar, Scielo and Redalyc search engines, including clinical studies, review articles, book chapters and case studies. Initially, 585,772 articles were included, and, after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 84 articles were obtained that contained information about the multilevel association of neuroinflammation with alterations in gene, molecular, cellular, tissue and neuroanatomical expression as well as clinical-behavioral manifestations in PD.

Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) are a significant global health problem. Additionally, anti-protozoan treatments are toxic, and their therapeutic regimens require prolonged treatment times and high concentrations of the drugs. Additionally, multi-resistant protozoan strains represent an important global emergency that must be addressed. For these reasons, global efforts are being made to identify new drug candidates that are capable of combating these kinds of diseases. This systematic review shows that 5-nitroimidazole derivatives have been successfully used against neglected tropical protozoan diseases (NTPDs), with a specific focus on three diseases: malaria, leishmaniasis, and human trypanosomiasis. Some nitroimidazole derivatives have been repurposed, and an important group of new drugs is available for the treatment of NTPDs. Finally, we address 5-nitroimidazoles using chemoinformatics and medicinal chemistry tools to describe the most recent and promising 5-nitroimidazole derivatives associated with anti-protozoal activity using their published in vitro and in vivo data. We show that 5-nitroimidazoles offer a broader spectrum of activity against a variety of protozoal pathogens. More importantly, these compounds demonstrate a significantly reduced systemic toxicity compared to other nitroimidazoles. This makes them a more favorable option in the treatment of protozoal infections, particularly in scenarios where the patient’s tolerance to drug side effects is a critical concern.

A 38-year-old male patient with multiple skull injuries caused by a small-caliber firearm projectile whose entry hole was the right eye after being attacked when leaving his home. Consequently, he presented head trauma with multifragmented fracture of the cranial vault causing exposure of the brain mass in the bilateral frontoparietal region and complete injury to the right eyeball with fracture of the orbit in its posterior, lateral, medial, roof and floor walls. He was transferred to the General Hospital of Axapusco, where the patient was received with 8 points on the Glasgow scale and a simple tomography of the skull was performed, observing injury to both hemispheres, bilateral subarachnoid hemorrhage, parasagittal hemorrhagic contusions and cerebral edema, predominantly affecting to the corpus callosum and cingulum. Therefore, hinge-type decompressive craniectomy and debridement in the first 12 hours of trauma were determined as surgical treatment. It should be noted that a favorable recovery was obtained without associated complications. It is concluded that the surgical treatment of choice is early decompressive craniectomy when the patient presents less than 9 points on the Glasgow Coma Scale at admission, the injury along the path of the wound is bihemispheric and posterior fossa, the time that elapses from the injury to the performance of the surgery is within the first 12 hours, there is pupillary reactivity and the age of the patient is greater than 35 years.