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William C. Sullivan
Department of Landscape Architecture, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA

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Chapter
Published: 24 August 2021 in Nebraska Symposium on Motivation
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Our capacity to pay attention—to employ top-down attention by directing our focus toward one idea or task while excluding from our consciousness a host of competing stimuli and thoughts—is key to every human achievement. But top-down attention is a limited resource that fatigues with use. Research demonstrates that having contact with nature, even in otherwise dense urban settings, can restore our ability to focus. Thus, access to natural elements in the form of parks, interconnected green corridors, street trees, rain gardens, green roofs, and green walls do more that provide attractive places for people to live, work, and play. They help people recover from the attentional fatigue that is part of everyday life. In doing so, these landscape elements help us achieve our goals in life. One implication of these findings is that we should redouble our efforts to ensure that we provide nature at every doorstep.

ACS Style

William C. Sullivan; Dongying Li. Nature and Attention. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation 2021, 7 -30.

AMA Style

William C. Sullivan, Dongying Li. Nature and Attention. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation. 2021; ():7-30.

Chicago/Turabian Style

William C. Sullivan; Dongying Li. 2021. "Nature and Attention." Nebraska Symposium on Motivation , no. : 7-30.

Journal article
Published: 03 August 2021 in Journal of Environmental Psychology
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New and complex acoustic-visual environments are emerging in contemporary highdensity cities. The independent and interactive effects of acoustic and visual environments on human’s mood states have been rarely investigated in that context. This study examined the extent to which 12 pairs of four acoustic environments and three visual environments influence multiple-dimensional mood states, including emotion, attention, and stress. Sixty-eight local participants from Illinois, USA, and 69 nonlocal participants from Hong Kong SAR, China, were randomly assigned to watch and listen to one of 12 videos. The participants’ mood states were measured before and after the exposure. Two-way ANOVA analysis controlling for baseline mood and gender, and pairwise comparisons yield four major findings after. First, the acoustic and visual environments have significant independent and interactive effects on mood states. Second, the acoustic environments have stronger effects on mood states than the visual environments. Third, in general, effects of acoustic-visual environments are more positive and stronger for local participants than for nonlocal participants. Fourth, evidence suggests a universal restorative effect that grows from exposure to natural acoustic-visual environments. This study provides new and specific evidence to support planning and design of healthy high-density cities.

ACS Style

Bin Jiang; Wenyan Xu; Wenqi Ji; Gunwoo Kim; Mathew Pryor; William C. Sullivan. Impacts of nature and built acoustic-visual environments on human’s multidimensional mood states: A cross-continent experiment. Journal of Environmental Psychology 2021, 77, 101659 .

AMA Style

Bin Jiang, Wenyan Xu, Wenqi Ji, Gunwoo Kim, Mathew Pryor, William C. Sullivan. Impacts of nature and built acoustic-visual environments on human’s multidimensional mood states: A cross-continent experiment. Journal of Environmental Psychology. 2021; 77 ():101659.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bin Jiang; Wenyan Xu; Wenqi Ji; Gunwoo Kim; Mathew Pryor; William C. Sullivan. 2021. "Impacts of nature and built acoustic-visual environments on human’s multidimensional mood states: A cross-continent experiment." Journal of Environmental Psychology 77, no. : 101659.

Journal article
Published: 06 September 2020 in Urban Forestry & Urban Greening
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Green Stormwater Infrastructure (GSI) is being implemented in cities around the globe. Although we know that GSI improves urban ecosystems in a variety of ways, we know little about the extent to which the characteristics of GSI impact human perception and preference. This gap in knowledge necessitates a greater understanding of the relationship between GSI perceptions and preference. Without this knowledge, designers and planners risk creating landscapes that people dislike, and from which they reap few health benefits. To address this gap, we deployed four sets of similar questionnaires globally in Amazon Turk. Each had 54 urban street photographs from US cities with varying levels of tree and bioretention planting density that were photomanipulated from six original images. In three questionnaires, participants rated how natural, safe, or messy they perceived the landscapes to be on a five-point Likert scale. The other questionnaire asked participants to rate their preference for each image. The researchers then examined the relationships between vegetation density, perceptions, and preference (n = 427). The results demonstrate that vegetation density levels significantly influenced people’s preference, perceived safety, and perceived naturalness. Furthermore, perceived safety and naturalness strongly correlated with preference while the three landscape characteristics predicted preference. These findings can be used to improve the design of urban GSI and help people reap the benefits of nature. Future studies should investigate the effects of seasons, the influences of cues of care, and international applications.

ACS Style

Pongsakorn Suppakittpaisarn; Chun-Yen Chang; Brian Deal; Linda Larsen; William C. Sullivan. Does vegetation density and perceptions predict green stormwater infrastructure preference? Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 2020, 55, 126842 .

AMA Style

Pongsakorn Suppakittpaisarn, Chun-Yen Chang, Brian Deal, Linda Larsen, William C. Sullivan. Does vegetation density and perceptions predict green stormwater infrastructure preference? Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 2020; 55 ():126842.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pongsakorn Suppakittpaisarn; Chun-Yen Chang; Brian Deal; Linda Larsen; William C. Sullivan. 2020. "Does vegetation density and perceptions predict green stormwater infrastructure preference?" Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 55, no. : 126842.

Journal article
Published: 03 June 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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A compelling body of research demonstrates that exposure to nature, especially trees, is beneficial to human health. We know little, however, about the extent to which understory vegetation that does not reach the height of trees, impacts human health. An additional gap in our knowledge concerns the extent to which daily variations in exposure to various forms of vegetation are related to human health outcomes. Many previous findings describing such connections were achieved in laboratory settings or through semi-controlled experiments, which do not reflect the dynamic variations of people’s daily exposure to nature. Thus, we conducted an online survey to address these questions. We used the National Land Cover Dataset 2011 and Google Street View images to estimate participants’ daily exposure to nature, and two standard questionnaires (General Health SF-12 and the Perceived Stress Scale) to assess health. Results show that greater exposure to trees in daily life is associated with better health outcomes. Specifically, higher neighborhood concentrations of tree canopy are related to better physical health, overall health and an increased capacity to control stress. In contrast, the results exploring the health associations of understory vegetation were inconsistent. In most cases, understory vegetation had a negative relationship with stress and mental health measures.

ACS Style

Xiangrong Jiang; Linda Larsen; William Sullivan. Connections Between Daily Greenness Exposure and Health Outcomes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 3965 .

AMA Style

Xiangrong Jiang, Linda Larsen, William Sullivan. Connections Between Daily Greenness Exposure and Health Outcomes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (11):3965.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xiangrong Jiang; Linda Larsen; William Sullivan. 2020. "Connections Between Daily Greenness Exposure and Health Outcomes." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 11: 3965.

Journal article
Published: 04 March 2020 in Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene
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The diverse benefits of nature are increasingly well-known, but access to nature and its associated benefits are inequitable. In parallel, because school attendance is compulsory, schools are ubiquitous in every community. However, only a small fraction extend classroom settings into outdoor spaces developed as educational resources richly endowed with nature. By greening schoolyards, every community in the United States would provide safe, accessible, natural areas, greatly expanding available educational space and resources benefiting the entire school community. Greening schoolyards offers a promising strategy to ensure all children and communities have access to the health, wellness, learning, and myriad other benefits contact with nature provides. This paper makes the case for green schoolyards as a tool for providing access to nature for all children and sets a research agenda to support that goal.

ACS Style

Kathryn T. Stevenson; Robin Moore; Nilda Cosco; Myron F. Floyd; William Sullivan; Lois Brink; Dana Gerstein; Cathy Jordan; Jaime Zapalatosch. A national research agenda supporting green schoolyard development and equitable access to nature. Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene 2020, 8, 1 .

AMA Style

Kathryn T. Stevenson, Robin Moore, Nilda Cosco, Myron F. Floyd, William Sullivan, Lois Brink, Dana Gerstein, Cathy Jordan, Jaime Zapalatosch. A national research agenda supporting green schoolyard development and equitable access to nature. Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene. 2020; 8 (1):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kathryn T. Stevenson; Robin Moore; Nilda Cosco; Myron F. Floyd; William Sullivan; Lois Brink; Dana Gerstein; Cathy Jordan; Jaime Zapalatosch. 2020. "A national research agenda supporting green schoolyard development and equitable access to nature." Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene 8, no. 1: 1.

Journal article
Published: 02 July 2019 in Urban Forestry & Urban Greening
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Many cities in the US have implemented Green Stormwater Infrastructure (GSI) to manage stormwater. Because several types of GSI are relatively new, we do not know how people perceive GSI or the extent to which they prefer various configurations of GSI. We also do not know the extent to which laypeople perceive GSI differently from designers. This lack of knowledge costs us: we risk creating GSI that people find unappealing, and if they do not like it, they may not want to spend time in or near it, they may not maintain it, and they may not reap health benefits from it. In this study, 497 laypeople and 117 designers provided preference ratings of 55 photographs of GSI. We used factor analysis to identify the categories of GSI that people perceive. We found that landscapes with any GSI are significantly more preferred than landscapes with no GSI, and that the messiness of GSI impacted preference. Designers’ preferences were similar to those of laypeople, except that designers had a greater dislike for images consisting of lawns and retention ponds compared to laypeople, and designers had a slightly greater preference for newer forms of GSI, such as green roofs and bio-retentions. Designers can use these results to create preferred landscapes that manage stormwater while promoting the wellbeing of the people they serve.

ACS Style

Pongsakorn Suppakittpaisarn; Linda Larsen; William C. Sullivan. Preferences for green infrastructure and green stormwater infrastructure in urban landscapes: Differences between designers and laypeople. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 2019, 43, 126378 .

AMA Style

Pongsakorn Suppakittpaisarn, Linda Larsen, William C. Sullivan. Preferences for green infrastructure and green stormwater infrastructure in urban landscapes: Differences between designers and laypeople. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 2019; 43 ():126378.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pongsakorn Suppakittpaisarn; Linda Larsen; William C. Sullivan. 2019. "Preferences for green infrastructure and green stormwater infrastructure in urban landscapes: Differences between designers and laypeople." Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 43, no. : 126378.

Journal article
Published: 22 March 2019 in Environmental Modelling & Software
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Increased storm-water runoff and flooding and poor ecosystem health have brought increasing attention to catchment-wide implementation of green infrastructure (e.g., bioswales, rain gardens, permeable pavements, tree box filters, urban wetlands and forests, stream buffers, and green roofs) to replace or supplement conventional storm water management practices and create more sustainable urban water systems. Current green infrastructure (GI) practice aims at mitigating the negative effects of urbanization by restoring pre-development hydrology and ultimately addressing water quality issues at an urban catchment scale. However, the benefits of GI extend well beyond local storm water management, as urban green spaces are also major contributors to human health. Considerable research in the psychological sciences have shown significant human health benefits from appropriately designed green spaces, yet impacts on human wellbeing have not yet been formally considered in GI design frameworks. This work develops a novel computational green infrastructure (GI) design framework that integrates storm water management requirements with criteria for human wellbeing. A supervised machine-learning model is created to identify specific patterns in urban green spaces that promote human wellbeing; the model is linked to RHESSYS hydrological model to evaluate GI designs in terms of both water resource and human health benefits. An application of the framework to tree-based GI design in Dead Run Watershed, Baltimore, MD, shows that image-mining methods are able to capture key elements of human preferences that could improve GI design. The results also show that hydrologic benefits associated with tree-based features are substantial, indicating that increased urban tree coverage and a more integrated GI design approach can significantly increase both human and hydrologic benefits.

ACS Style

Ankit Rai; Barbara Minsker; William Sullivan; Lawrence Band. A novel computational green infrastructure design framework for hydrologic and human benefits. Environmental Modelling & Software 2019, 118, 252 -261.

AMA Style

Ankit Rai, Barbara Minsker, William Sullivan, Lawrence Band. A novel computational green infrastructure design framework for hydrologic and human benefits. Environmental Modelling & Software. 2019; 118 ():252-261.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ankit Rai; Barbara Minsker; William Sullivan; Lawrence Band. 2019. "A novel computational green infrastructure design framework for hydrologic and human benefits." Environmental Modelling & Software 118, no. : 252-261.

Journal article
Published: 29 November 2018 in Health & Place
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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is the fastest growing developmental disorder in countries across the world. Although recent studies have demonstrated the health benefits of nature for typically developing children and children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, it is unclear whether these benefits extend to children with ASD. In this study, we investigated whether benefits associated with exposure to nature could be observed by parents of children diagnosed with ASD. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 22 parents and caregivers of children on the spectrum from two cities in China. Results showed that exposure to nature provided motor-sensory, emotional and social benefits to children with ASD, although some of the identified benefits also come with concerns. Participants identified a wide range of barriers that make exposing their children to nature difficult. Among them, inappropriate behaviors, safety concerns, phobias and issues with the public realm emerged as critical hurdles. These findings suggest that practitioners should consider nature exposure as an intervention strategy, and planners and designers should create places that better accommodate the needs of children with ASD.

ACS Style

Dongying Li; Linda Larsen; Yan Yang; Lan Wang; Yujia Zhai; William C. Sullivan. Exposure to nature for children with autism spectrum disorder: Benefits, caveats, and barriers. Health & Place 2018, 55, 71 -79.

AMA Style

Dongying Li, Linda Larsen, Yan Yang, Lan Wang, Yujia Zhai, William C. Sullivan. Exposure to nature for children with autism spectrum disorder: Benefits, caveats, and barriers. Health & Place. 2018; 55 ():71-79.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dongying Li; Linda Larsen; Yan Yang; Lan Wang; Yujia Zhai; William C. Sullivan. 2018. "Exposure to nature for children with autism spectrum disorder: Benefits, caveats, and barriers." Health & Place 55, no. : 71-79.

Journal article
Published: 10 November 2018 in Urban Forestry & Urban Greening
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Low academic performance in high school and increasing drop-out rates are major issues in the United States. While curricula and instruction clearly impact academic performance, less is known about how the outdoor environment surrounding the school impacts performance. In this study, we examined the association between tree cover density in school surroundings and school-level academic performance of public high schools in Illinois, US (N = 624). Performance data, extracted from the Illinois Report Card provided by the Illinois State Board of Education, included ACT scores, four-year graduation rates, college readiness and freshman-on-track. The tree cover density in school surroundings was derived from the 2011 National Land Cover Database canopy product. The appropriate ordinary least squares (OLS) or simultaneous autoregressive (SAR) models were fitted to test the associations between canopy cover and the students’ performance. We found that tree cover density within a 1-mile radius of high schools was positively associated with ACT scores, college readiness, and nearly significantly associated with freshman-on-track, even after controlling for factors known to influence academic performance. However, tree cover density was not significantly correlated with four-year graduation rates. Testing the effects of different buffer distances, tree cover density at 0.5-mile and 1-mile buffer distances showed a stronger association with ACT scores and college readiness. Freshman on track was correlated with tree cover density at all distances, except the 2-mile buffer distance. Our findings contribute to an emerging body of evidence showing that tree cover density is positively associated with adolescents’ academic performance, suggesting the importance of forestry management in school surroundings in support of learning.

ACS Style

Dongying Li; Yen-Cheng Chiang; Huiyan Sang; William C. Sullivan. Beyond the school grounds: Links between density of tree cover in school surroundings and high school academic performance. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 2018, 38, 42 -53.

AMA Style

Dongying Li, Yen-Cheng Chiang, Huiyan Sang, William C. Sullivan. Beyond the school grounds: Links between density of tree cover in school surroundings and high school academic performance. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 2018; 38 ():42-53.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dongying Li; Yen-Cheng Chiang; Huiyan Sang; William C. Sullivan. 2018. "Beyond the school grounds: Links between density of tree cover in school surroundings and high school academic performance." Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 38, no. : 42-53.

Conference paper
Published: 22 July 2018 in Proceedings of the Practice and Experience on Advanced Research Computing
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Sandeep Puthanveetil Satheesan; Jay Alameda; Shannon Bradley; Michael Dietze; Benjamin Galewsky; Gregory Jansen; Rob Kooper; Praveen Kumar; Jong Lee; Richard Marciano; Luigi Marini; Barbara S. Minsker; Christopher M. Navarro; Arthur Schmidt; Marcus Slavenas; William Sullivan; Bing Zhang; Yan Zhao; Inna Zharnitsky; Kenton McHenry. Brown Dog. Proceedings of the Practice and Experience on Advanced Research Computing 2018, 38 .

AMA Style

Sandeep Puthanveetil Satheesan, Jay Alameda, Shannon Bradley, Michael Dietze, Benjamin Galewsky, Gregory Jansen, Rob Kooper, Praveen Kumar, Jong Lee, Richard Marciano, Luigi Marini, Barbara S. Minsker, Christopher M. Navarro, Arthur Schmidt, Marcus Slavenas, William Sullivan, Bing Zhang, Yan Zhao, Inna Zharnitsky, Kenton McHenry. Brown Dog. Proceedings of the Practice and Experience on Advanced Research Computing. 2018; ():38.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sandeep Puthanveetil Satheesan; Jay Alameda; Shannon Bradley; Michael Dietze; Benjamin Galewsky; Gregory Jansen; Rob Kooper; Praveen Kumar; Jong Lee; Richard Marciano; Luigi Marini; Barbara S. Minsker; Christopher M. Navarro; Arthur Schmidt; Marcus Slavenas; William Sullivan; Bing Zhang; Yan Zhao; Inna Zharnitsky; Kenton McHenry. 2018. "Brown Dog." Proceedings of the Practice and Experience on Advanced Research Computing , no. : 38.

Research article
Published: 16 July 2018 in Environment and Behavior
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Overuse of portable electronic devices depletes one’s attention capacity, a critical cognitive resource. Although contact with nature promotes attentional functioning, we do not know the extent to which exposure to nature and the use of electronic devices interact to promote or inhibit attentional functioning. In this study, 81 participants performed cognitive tasks and then were randomly assigned to one of four rest treatments: green settings with or without a laptop computer and barren settings with or without a laptop computer. Attention was measured three times. Analysis showed a significant effect for both setting and use of a laptop as well as a significant interaction between setting and laptop use. A further analysis controlling for time spent focused on the laptop screen produced similar results. The findings show that using an electronic device in green settings substantially counteracts the attention enhancement benefits of green spaces.

ACS Style

Bin Jiang; Rose Schmillen; William Sullivan. How to Waste a Break: Using Portable Electronic Devices Substantially Counteracts Attention Enhancement Effects of Green Spaces. Environment and Behavior 2018, 51, 1133 -1160.

AMA Style

Bin Jiang, Rose Schmillen, William Sullivan. How to Waste a Break: Using Portable Electronic Devices Substantially Counteracts Attention Enhancement Effects of Green Spaces. Environment and Behavior. 2018; 51 (9-10):1133-1160.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bin Jiang; Rose Schmillen; William Sullivan. 2018. "How to Waste a Break: Using Portable Electronic Devices Substantially Counteracts Attention Enhancement Effects of Green Spaces." Environment and Behavior 51, no. 9-10: 1133-1160.

Book chapter
Published: 02 May 2018 in Handbook of Behavioral and Cognitive Geography
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What do we mean by environmental aesthetics? To what does it apply, and why is it important? Employing a psychological approach, we address these questions from a non-expert’s perspective. We consider environmental aesthetics an outgrowth of human needs—part hardwired and part influenced by experiences—that provides a window into the relationships among people and places. We examine the role that information processing plays in environmental aesthetic, and explore our recurring battle with mental fatigue and the kind of settings to which we are drawn in an effort to restore ourselves. We end by considering the implications of environmental aesthetics for planning and design in terms of creating restorative environments in which people are more likely to thrive.

ACS Style

Sara Hadavi; William Sullivan. Environmental aesthetics. Handbook of Behavioral and Cognitive Geography 2018, 307 -321.

AMA Style

Sara Hadavi, William Sullivan. Environmental aesthetics. Handbook of Behavioral and Cognitive Geography. 2018; ():307-321.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sara Hadavi; William Sullivan. 2018. "Environmental aesthetics." Handbook of Behavioral and Cognitive Geography , no. : 307-321.

Journal article
Published: 02 March 2018 in Urban Forestry & Urban Greening
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Green Infrastructure (GI) refers to the natural spaces in a city that improve urban ecology and bring social, economic, and environmental benefits to residents and communities. Although we know a good deal about people’s preference for urban forests, we know little about how people reaction to other types of GI and even less about how varying levels of vegetation density influence preference. Without this knowledge, planners and designers risk creating landscapes that people experience as insufficiently restorative. To understand people’s preference for different types and vegetation density levels of GI, we conducted three GI preference surveys and utilized a new technology called Brown Dog’s Green Index Extractor to calculate vegetation density. We found that, overall, tree density and understory vegetation density are positively associated with preference in a power-curve relationship. The nature of the relationship between bioretention density and preference remains unclear, even though it is significant and positive. The findings presented here expand our knowledge of landscape preference to the emerging field of GI. Designers and planners can use these results to create preferred landscapes that manage stormwater that also promote human well-being. Future studies might explore the relationship between GI density and preference further by investigating other aspects of GI such as planting designs and maintenance and the relationships between GI’s vegetation density and various health and well-being indicators.

ACS Style

Pongsakorn Suppakittpaisarn; Bin Jiang; Marcus Slavenas; William C. Sullivan. Does density of green infrastructure predict preference? Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 2018, 40, 236 -244.

AMA Style

Pongsakorn Suppakittpaisarn, Bin Jiang, Marcus Slavenas, William C. Sullivan. Does density of green infrastructure predict preference? Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 2018; 40 ():236-244.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pongsakorn Suppakittpaisarn; Bin Jiang; Marcus Slavenas; William C. Sullivan. 2018. "Does density of green infrastructure predict preference?" Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 40, no. : 236-244.

Journal article
Published: 07 February 2018 in Landscape and Urban Planning
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A growing body of literature has explored the psychological benefits associated with contact with nature. Many studies have employed experimental designs that compared various levels of nature exposure, or have used exogenous neighborhood-based measures of nature. The exact places where adolescents visit, as well as their street-level experiences with nature, remain unexplored. As a result, we know very little about the extent to which adolescents' actual exposure to nature is related to their moods. In this study, we examined the daily activities and moods of 155 adolescents from central Illinois to understand the association between exposure to varying concentrations of nature and adolescents' mood. Each participant wore a Global Positioning System (GPS) device for four consecutive days and completed an adapted Profile of Mood States questionnaire at the end of each day. We calculated the concentration of nature participants were exposed to by assessing the Google Street View images at the locations they visited throughout each day. Multi-level modeling analysis revealed significant associations between the concentration of nature and daily mood in participating adolescents, even after controlling for intra-individual and inter-individual level confounding variables. This relationship did not vary by demographic or socio-economic background. We discuss the implications for greening urban public space and resurrecting time for adolescents to engage in unstructured activities. The methods used in this study—combining GPS tracking and environmental exposure assessment—can be applied to a variety of research studies regarding human-landscape relationships.

ACS Style

Dongying Li; Brian Deal; Xiaolu Zhou; Marcus Slavenas; William C. Sullivan. Moving beyond the neighborhood: Daily exposure to nature and adolescents’ mood. Landscape and Urban Planning 2018, 173, 33 -43.

AMA Style

Dongying Li, Brian Deal, Xiaolu Zhou, Marcus Slavenas, William C. Sullivan. Moving beyond the neighborhood: Daily exposure to nature and adolescents’ mood. Landscape and Urban Planning. 2018; 173 ():33-43.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dongying Li; Brian Deal; Xiaolu Zhou; Marcus Slavenas; William C. Sullivan. 2018. "Moving beyond the neighborhood: Daily exposure to nature and adolescents’ mood." Landscape and Urban Planning 173, no. : 33-43.

Editorial
Published: 11 October 2017 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Note: In lieu of an abstract, this is an excerpt from the first page.Excerpt As urbanization increases around the world and fewer and fewer people have easy access to completely natural places, there is a growing need to understand how the landscapes we design and inhabit impact our health and wellbeing.

ACS Style

William C. Sullivan; Chun-Yen Chang. Landscapes and Human Health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2017, 14, 1212 .

AMA Style

William C. Sullivan, Chun-Yen Chang. Landscapes and Human Health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14 (10):1212.

Chicago/Turabian Style

William C. Sullivan; Chun-Yen Chang. 2017. "Landscapes and Human Health." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 10: 1212.

Journal article
Published: 03 June 2017 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Multiple studies have revealed the impact of walkable environments on physical activity. Scholars attach considerable importance to leisure and health-related walking. Recent studies have used Google Street View as an instrument to assess city streets and walkable environments; however, no study has compared the validity of Google Street View assessments of walkable environment attributes to assessments made by local residents and compiled from field visits. In this study, we involved nearby residents and compared the extent to which Google Street View assessments of the walkable environment correlated with assessments from local residents and with field visits. We determined the assessment approaches (local resident or field visit assessments) that exhibited the highest agreement with Google Street View. One city with relatively high-quality walkable environments and one city with relatively low-quality walkable environments were examined, and three neighborhoods from each city were surveyed. Participants in each neighborhood used one of three approaches to assess the walkability of the environment: 15 local residents assessed the environment using a map, 15 participants made a field visit to assess the environment, and 15 participants used Google Street View to assess the environment, yielding a total of 90 valid samples for the two cities. Findings revealed that the three approaches to assessing neighborhood walkability were highly correlated for traffic safety, aesthetics, sidewalk quality, and physical barriers. Compared with assessments from participants making field visits, assessments by local residents were more highly correlated with Google Street View assessments. Google Street View provides a more convenient, low-cost, efficient, and safe approach to assess neighborhood walkability. The results of this study may facilitate future large-scale walkable environment surveys, effectively reduce expenses, and improve survey efficiency.

ACS Style

Yen-Cheng Chiang; William Sullivan; Linda Larsen. Measuring Neighborhood Walkable Environments: A Comparison of Three Approaches. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2017, 14, 593 .

AMA Style

Yen-Cheng Chiang, William Sullivan, Linda Larsen. Measuring Neighborhood Walkable Environments: A Comparison of Three Approaches. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14 (6):593.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yen-Cheng Chiang; William Sullivan; Linda Larsen. 2017. "Measuring Neighborhood Walkable Environments: A Comparison of Three Approaches." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 6: 593.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2017 in Landscape and Urban Planning
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ACS Style

I-Chun Tang; Yu-Ping Tsai; Ying-Ju Lin; Jyh-Horng Chen; Chao-Hsien Hsieh; Shih-Han Hung; William Sullivan; Hsing-Fen Tang; Chun-Yen Chang. Using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) to analyze brain region activity when viewing landscapes. Landscape and Urban Planning 2017, 162, 137 -144.

AMA Style

I-Chun Tang, Yu-Ping Tsai, Ying-Ju Lin, Jyh-Horng Chen, Chao-Hsien Hsieh, Shih-Han Hung, William Sullivan, Hsing-Fen Tang, Chun-Yen Chang. Using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) to analyze brain region activity when viewing landscapes. Landscape and Urban Planning. 2017; 162 ():137-144.

Chicago/Turabian Style

I-Chun Tang; Yu-Ping Tsai; Ying-Ju Lin; Jyh-Horng Chen; Chao-Hsien Hsieh; Shih-Han Hung; William Sullivan; Hsing-Fen Tang; Chun-Yen Chang. 2017. "Using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) to analyze brain region activity when viewing landscapes." Landscape and Urban Planning 162, no. : 137-144.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2017 in Landscape and Urban Planning
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The easy availability and widespread use of remotely-sensed imagery, especially Google Earth satellite imagery, makes it simple for urban forestry professionals to assess a site and measure tree cover density without visiting the site. Remotely-sensed tree cover density has become the dominant criterion for urban forestry regulations in many countries, but it is unclear how much such measures match the eye-level tree cover density that people experience; or the information gained through site visits, eye-level photography, or from consulting with citizens. To address this uncertainty, we assessed associations among two remotely-sensed and three eye-level tree cover density measures for 140 community street sites across the Midwestern United States with low, medium, or high tree cover coverage by using linear regression analysis. We found significant associations among the two remotely-sensed measures and the three eye-level measures across the three levels of tree cover. The associations between any pair of remotely-sensed and eye-level measures, however, diminish dramatically as canopy cover increased. At high levels of canopy cover, all associations between the remotely-sensed measures and the eye-level measures became statistically insignificant. These findings suggest that measures from remotely-sensed imagery fail to represent the amount of tree cover people perceive at eye-level when canopy cover is medium or high at the site scale. Therefore, the current urban forestry planning regulations, which rely heavily on remotely-sensed tree cover density measurements, need to be revised. We suggest strategic spots where eye-level measures of tree cover density should be emphasized

ACS Style

Bin Jiang; Brian Deal; Haozhi Pan; Linda Larsen; Chung-Heng Hsieh; Chun-Yen Chang; William Sullivan. Remotely-sensed imagery vs. eye-level photography: Evaluating associations among measurements of tree cover density. Landscape and Urban Planning 2017, 157, 270 -281.

AMA Style

Bin Jiang, Brian Deal, Haozhi Pan, Linda Larsen, Chung-Heng Hsieh, Chun-Yen Chang, William Sullivan. Remotely-sensed imagery vs. eye-level photography: Evaluating associations among measurements of tree cover density. Landscape and Urban Planning. 2017; 157 ():270-281.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bin Jiang; Brian Deal; Haozhi Pan; Linda Larsen; Chung-Heng Hsieh; Chun-Yen Chang; William Sullivan. 2017. "Remotely-sensed imagery vs. eye-level photography: Evaluating associations among measurements of tree cover density." Landscape and Urban Planning 157, no. : 270-281.

Journal article
Published: 19 October 2016 in Sustainability
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Promoting ecological health and human wellbeing are two fundamental goals in landscape sustainability. Green spaces are thought to improve users’ psychological and physical wellbeing through the contact with nature. However, the results of some studies that rely on self-reports suggest that when the level of naturalness in a green space reaches a certain point, the beneficial effects diminish and in some cases can cause negative responses. We explored this possibility through an experimental study in which we use physiological measures rather than perceptions to assess people’s wellbeing. We investigate how people are affected by outdoor settings with varying degrees of biodiversity and whether the correlation between biodiversity and physiological wellbeing is negative or positive. We used multiple measures of insect diversity as an indicator for biodiversity, and biofeedback measures as indicators of wellbeing. Our findings suggest that people are equally affected by more biodiverse and less biodiverse settings. Physiological responses remain largely unchanged when biodiversity increases. This suggests that settings rich in biodiversity will not negatively influence people’s physiological wellbeing, and designers and city planners should not hesitate to use ecological best practices in their designs.

ACS Style

Kaowen Grace Chang; William C. Sullivan; Ying-Hsuan Lin; Weichia Su; Chun-Yen Chang. The Effect of Biodiversity on Green Space Users’ Wellbeing—An Empirical Investigation Using Physiological Evidence. Sustainability 2016, 8, 1049 .

AMA Style

Kaowen Grace Chang, William C. Sullivan, Ying-Hsuan Lin, Weichia Su, Chun-Yen Chang. The Effect of Biodiversity on Green Space Users’ Wellbeing—An Empirical Investigation Using Physiological Evidence. Sustainability. 2016; 8 (10):1049.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kaowen Grace Chang; William C. Sullivan; Ying-Hsuan Lin; Weichia Su; Chun-Yen Chang. 2016. "The Effect of Biodiversity on Green Space Users’ Wellbeing—An Empirical Investigation Using Physiological Evidence." Sustainability 8, no. 10: 1049.

Conference paper
Published: 17 July 2016 in Proceedings of the XSEDE16 Conference on Diversity, Big Data, and Science at Scale
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Brown Dog is an extensible data cyberinfrastructure, that provides a set of extensible and distributed data conversion and metadata extraction services to enable access and search within unstructured, un-curated and inaccessible research data across different domains of sciences and social science, which ultimately aids in supporting reproducibility of results. We envision that Brown Dog, as a data cyberinfrastructure, is an essential service in a comprehensive cyberinfrastructure which includes data services, high performance computing services and more that would enable scholarly research in a variety of disciplines that today is not yet possible. Brown Dog focuses on four initial use cases, specifically, addressing the conversion and extraction needs in the research areas of ecology, civil and environmental engineering, library and information science, and use by the general public. In this paper, we describe an architecture that supports contribution of data transformation tools from users, and automatic deployment of the tools as Brown Dog services in diverse infrastructures such as cloud or high performance computing (HPC) based on user demands and load on the system. We also present results validating the performance of the initial implementation of Brown Dog.

ACS Style

Smruti Padhy; Jay Alameda; Rob Kooper; Rui Liu; Sandeep Puthanveetil Satheesan; Inna Zharnitsky; Gregory Jansen; Michael Dietze; Praveen Kumar; Jong Lee; Richard Marciano; Luigi Marini; Barbara Minsker; Chris Navarro; Marcus Slavenas; William Sullivan; Kenton McHenry. An Architecture for Automatic Deployment of Brown Dog Services at Scale into Diverse Computing Infrastructures. Proceedings of the XSEDE16 Conference on Diversity, Big Data, and Science at Scale 2016, 33 -33:8.

AMA Style

Smruti Padhy, Jay Alameda, Rob Kooper, Rui Liu, Sandeep Puthanveetil Satheesan, Inna Zharnitsky, Gregory Jansen, Michael Dietze, Praveen Kumar, Jong Lee, Richard Marciano, Luigi Marini, Barbara Minsker, Chris Navarro, Marcus Slavenas, William Sullivan, Kenton McHenry. An Architecture for Automatic Deployment of Brown Dog Services at Scale into Diverse Computing Infrastructures. Proceedings of the XSEDE16 Conference on Diversity, Big Data, and Science at Scale. 2016; ():33-33:8.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Smruti Padhy; Jay Alameda; Rob Kooper; Rui Liu; Sandeep Puthanveetil Satheesan; Inna Zharnitsky; Gregory Jansen; Michael Dietze; Praveen Kumar; Jong Lee; Richard Marciano; Luigi Marini; Barbara Minsker; Chris Navarro; Marcus Slavenas; William Sullivan; Kenton McHenry. 2016. "An Architecture for Automatic Deployment of Brown Dog Services at Scale into Diverse Computing Infrastructures." Proceedings of the XSEDE16 Conference on Diversity, Big Data, and Science at Scale , no. : 33-33:8.