Low-field MRI showed persistent pulmonary dysfunction in both children and adolescents recovered from COVID-19 and with long COVID. Background Long COVID occurs in lower frequency in children and adolescents than in adults. Morphologic and free-breathing phase-resolved functional low-field MRI may identify persistent pulmonary ...

Abnormal sex chromosome numbers in humans are observed in Turner (45,X) and Klinefelter (47,XXY) syndromes. Both syndromes are associated with several clinical phenotypes, whose molecular mechanisms are obscure, and show a range of inter-individual penetrance. In order to understand the effect of abnormal numbers of X chromosome on the methylome and its correlation to the variable clinical phenotype, we performed a genome-wide methylation analysis using MeDIP and Illumina’s Infinium assay on individuals with four karyotypes: 45,X, 46,XY, 46,XX, and 47,XXY. DNA methylation changes were widespread on all autosomal chromosomes in 45,X and in 47,XXY individuals, with Turner individuals presenting five times more affected loci. Differentially methylated CpGs, in most cases, have intermediate methylation levels and tend to occur outside CpG islands, especially in individuals with Turner syndrome. The X inactivation process appears to be less effective in Klinefelter syndrome as methylation on the X was decreased compared to normal female samples. In a large number of individuals, we verified several loci by pyrosequencing and observed only weak inter-loci correlations between the verified regions. This suggests a certain stochastic/random contribution to the methylation changes at each locus. Interestingly, methylation patterns on some PAR2 loci differ between male and Turner syndrome individuals and between female and Klinefelter syndrome individuals, which possibly contributed to this distinguished and unique autosomal methylation patterns in Turner and Klinefelter syndrome individuals. The presented data clearly show that gain or loss of an X chromosome results in different epigenetic effects, which are not necessary opposite.

The CFTR-modulating therapy Elexaftor – Tezacaftor - Ivacaftor (ETI) has been widely prescribed since its approval in 2020 in the European Union. The aim of this study was to methodically evaluate the effects of an ETI treatment on clinical, biochemical data and Pseudomonas colonization in order to demonstrate its efficacy. This prospective monocentric study comprised 69 patients diagnosed with cystic fibrosis aged at least 12 years and treated with ETI between September 2020 and November 2021. Clinical and laboratory data of each patient and study visit were collected before and after 24 weeks of ETI treatment. Follow-up status of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PsA) colonization was assessed after one year of therapy by regularly determined sputum or throat swab samples. Marked improvements biochemical markers of systemic inflammation as white blood cell count, levels of immunoglobulins A, G and M and albumin within 24 weeks of therapy were observed. ETI treatment proved to be effective as seen by amelioration of lung function and sweat chloride concentration. Assessment of PsA colonization status revealed a conversion from a positive to negative detection in 36% of the cases after one year of therapy. ETI treatment effectively improves systemic inflammation parameters and shows promising results in PsA status conversion.

Since the mid-19th century, growth in German children has accelerated and final height increased. Possible causes of this secular trend include improvements in nutrition, hygiene, and health care. While the upward secular trend still continues in some parts of the world, it seems to be slowing in industrialized countries. Selective literature review. Reliable data on growth that have been published since the middle of the 19th century reveal an increase in final height by 1 to 2 cm per decade in most European countries. Recent epidemiological studies, however, suggest that human height may be nearing an upper limit, beyond which it cannot increase even with further improvements in nutrition and health care. In Germany and other northern European countries, the upward trend in final height has slowed significantly over the last 30 years; in Germany, it now stands at less than 1 cm/decade. In the same interval, the age at menarche has remained constant at just under 13 years (currently 12.8). In Germany, as elsewhere in northern Europe, the upward secular trend in height is slowing (ca. 2 cm/decade up to the mid-20th century, currently less than 1 cm/decade), and the age at menarche has stabilized at just under 13 years. It remains an open question whether the observed slowing will merely be temporary, or whether it indeed represents the near-attainment of an endpoint owing to relatively stable environmental conditions.

Chemerin and its receptor, chemokine-like receptor 1 (CmklR1), are associated with chemotaxis, inflammation, and endothelial function, especially in metabolic syndrome, coronary heart disease, and hypertension. In humans, circulating chemerin levels and renal function show an inverse relation. So far, little is known about the potential role of chemerin in hypertensive nephropathy and renal inflammation. Therefore, we determined systemic and renal chemerin levels in 2-kidney-1-clip (2k1c) hypertensive and Thy1.1 nephritic rats, respectively, to explore the correlation between chemerin and markers of renal inflammation and fibrosis. Immunohistochemistry revealed a model-specific induction of chemerin expression at the corresponding site of renal damage (tubular vs. glomerular). In both models, renal expression of chemerin (RT-PCR, Western blot) was increased and correlated positively with markers of inflammation and fibrosis. In contrast, circulating chemerin levels remained unchanged. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that renal chemerin expression is associated with processes of inflammation and fibrosis-related to renal damage. However, its use as circulating biomarker of renal inflammation seems to be limited in our rat models.