This paper presents a transformer model that is useful for lowfrequency applications. To describe the iron-core magnetic behavior, the Jiles Atherton hysteresis model is used, which is able to generate minor asymmetric loops and remanent flux. The obtained results are compared with those measured in the laboratory on a commercial resistance welding transformer.

With increasing amounts of wind power connected, the power system is impacted in a number of ways. In this paper, the emphasis is on one of those impacts: the harmonic and interharmonic emission from wind-power installations. The emission of individual wind turbines as well as from a wind park has been studied. The spectrum as a function of active-power has been studied. Various trends of emission according to the output power have been presented. For four modern wind turbines estimations have been done on the impact on the grid for each harmonic and interharmonic subgroup. The primary emission from a complete windpark due to the emission from the turbines has been analyzed.

Industrial steam accounts for a substantial share of European industrial energy use and greenhouse gas emissions. Electrification via high-temperature electrothermal storage (HTES) is becoming a valuable technology for its decarbonization. Yet whether HTES pays off in practice depends on market conditions that vary substantially across Europe. This study develops an optimization framework that co-determines HTES sizing and operation as a supplement to gas boilers, such that the gas-electricity split is determined endogenously. The model is applied to industrial steam production in Finland, France, Germany, the Netherlands, and Spain, which together account for roughly 59% of EU27 industrial steam demand. Performance is assessed through a range of technical, economic and environmental parameters. The results indicate a range of outcomes: Finland reaches almost complete electrification with a payback below two years and 82% CO₂ reduction compared to gas, while Germany's high electricity prices limit the HTES to cover up to 25% of demand with a payback exceeding eight years and only 13% emission reduction. France, the Netherlands, and Spain occupy intermediate positions. Levelized cost of heat ranges from 41 €/MWh in France to 92 €/MWh in Germany. Across the studied markets, HTES most often emerges as a complement to existing gas boilers rather than a replacement, and sensitivity analysis confirms that viability is most fragile where baseline economics are tight. These findings demonstrate that the viability of HTES-based electrification is highly context-dependent, with market conditions emerging as the dominant factor shaping both economic performance and decarbonization potential.

The financial benefits of energy sharing within a community is impacted by factors within the control of the community, such as internal rules for energy sharing, and by external factors, such as regulatory frameworks and fiscal policies. While much of the literature on energy sharing has focused on internal rules, there has been less attention paid to the role of external factors, despite their potential policy implications. This study aims to address this gap by examining the range of fiscal measures that can be used to regulate energy sharing in renewable energy communities in 39 countries. The study considers two community arrangements: one in which prosumers share their surplus energy, and another in which consumers shares the energy generated by a collectively-owned PV. The findings suggest that the annual savings from energy sharing in the first arrangement may not be significant enough to justify the formation of the community. In contrast, the cost savings from sharing energy in the second arrangement are much greater, but also more influenced by the fiscal support policies. Based on the results, the study offers policy recommendations for avoiding resistance from stakeholders and aligning their incentives when introducing energy sharing regulation.