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Roy J Shephard
Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON 214, Canada

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Journal article
Published: 01 February 2021 in Applied Sciences
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This project investigated the effect of incorporating 8 weeks of biweekly upper limb loaded plyometric training (using elastic bands) into the in-season regimen of handball players. Participants were randomly allocated to a control group (CG) (n = 15, age = 18.1 ± 0.5 years, body mass = 73.7 ± 13.9 kg), or an experimental group (EG) (n = 14, age = 17.7 ± 0.3 years, body mass = 76.8 ± 10.7 kg). The measurements obtained pre- and post-intervention included a cycle ergometer force–velocity test, ball throwing velocity in three types of throwing, one-repetition maximum (1-RM) bench press and pull-over, and anthropometric estimates of the upper limb muscle volumes. The EG improved in absolute muscle power (W) (Δ23.3%; interaction effect p = 0.032 more than pre-intervention), relative muscle power (W·kg−1) (Δ22.3%; interaction effect p = 0.024), and all three types of ball throwing (Δ18.6%, interaction effect p = 0.019 on a jumping shot; Δ18.6%, interaction effect p = 0.017 on a three-step running throw; and Δ19.1%, interaction effect p = 0.046 on a standing throw). There was no interaction effect for the 1-RM bench press and pull-over performance. The upper limb muscle volumes remained unchanged in both groups. We concluded that adding biweekly elastic band plyometric training to standard training improves the muscle power and throwing velocity. Accordingly, such exercises should be adopted as a part of a pragmatic approach to handball training.

ACS Style

Ghaith Aloui; Souhail Hermassi; Lawrence D. Hayes; Roy J. Shephard; Mohamed Souhaiel Chelly; René Schwesig. Effects of Elastic Band Plyometric Training on Physical Performance of Team Handball Players. Applied Sciences 2021, 11, 1309 .

AMA Style

Ghaith Aloui, Souhail Hermassi, Lawrence D. Hayes, Roy J. Shephard, Mohamed Souhaiel Chelly, René Schwesig. Effects of Elastic Band Plyometric Training on Physical Performance of Team Handball Players. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11 (3):1309.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ghaith Aloui; Souhail Hermassi; Lawrence D. Hayes; Roy J. Shephard; Mohamed Souhaiel Chelly; René Schwesig. 2021. "Effects of Elastic Band Plyometric Training on Physical Performance of Team Handball Players." Applied Sciences 11, no. 3: 1309.

Journal article
Published: 27 October 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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The aim of this study was to compare the impact of two differing plyometric training programs (loaded plyometrics (with 2.5% of body mass placed above the ankle joint) vs. unloaded plyometrics), performed biweekly for 10 weeks, on the physical fitness of elite junior male soccer players. Participants aged 16.0 ± 0.5 years were randomly assigned between unloaded plyometrics (UP; n = 12), loaded plyometrics (LP; n = 14) and control (C; n = 12) groups. Two-way analyses of performance (group x time) were assessed by 40-m sprint times; 9–3–6–3–9 m sprints with 180° turns (S180°); 9–3–6–3–9 m sprints with backward and forward running (SBF); and 4 × 5 m sprints (S4 × 5 m); four jump tests; measures of static and dynamic balance; repeated change of direction tests and the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test. Both LP and UP enhanced sprinting performance relative to C (p < 0.05) but performance increased more in LP relative to UP (p < 0.05) in all sprints except 40 m. Change of direction times were also significantly shortened by LP relative to UP (p < 0.05) and C (p < 0.01) in all tests, with no significant differences between UP and C. Jumps heights increased similarly in both LP and UP relative to C (p < 0.05), with no significance between LP and UP. LP and UP also enhanced repeated change of direction scores relative to C (p < 0.01) with greater changes in LP than in UP (p < 0.01). Finally, LP enhanced some balance scores relative to UP (p < 0.05) and C (p < 0.05). We conclude that the introduction of 10 weeks of in-season loaded plyometrics into the regimen of U17 male soccer players yields gains in several physical performance scores relative to either unloaded plyometrics or the control training regimen.

ACS Style

Mehrez Hammami; Nawel Gaamouri; Katsuhiko Suzuki; Ridha Aouadi; Roy Shephard; Mohamed Chelly. Effects of Unloaded vs. Ankle-Loaded Plyometric Training on the Physical Fitness of U-17 Male Soccer Players. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 7877 .

AMA Style

Mehrez Hammami, Nawel Gaamouri, Katsuhiko Suzuki, Ridha Aouadi, Roy Shephard, Mohamed Chelly. Effects of Unloaded vs. Ankle-Loaded Plyometric Training on the Physical Fitness of U-17 Male Soccer Players. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (21):7877.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mehrez Hammami; Nawel Gaamouri; Katsuhiko Suzuki; Ridha Aouadi; Roy Shephard; Mohamed Chelly. 2020. "Effects of Unloaded vs. Ankle-Loaded Plyometric Training on the Physical Fitness of U-17 Male Soccer Players." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 21: 7877.

Preprint
Published: 05 October 2020
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This study examined the effects of incorporating 8 weeks of biweekly upper limb loaded plyometric training (elastic band) into the in-season regimen of handball players. Trial participants were assigned between control (n = 15, age: 18.1±0.5 years, body mass: 73.7±13.9 kg) and experimental (n = 14, age: 17.7±0.3 years, body mass: 76.8±10.7 kg) groups. Measures obtained pre- and post- included a cycle ergometer force-velocity test, ball throwing velocity in three types throw, 1-RM bench press and pull-over, and anthropometric estimates of upper limb muscle volumes. Gains in the experimental group relative to controls included absolute muscle power (W) (Δ23.3%; t-test p<0.01; d=0.083), relative muscle power (W.kg-1) (Δ22.3%; t-test p<0.01; d=0.091), and all 3 types of ball throw (Δ18.6%, t-test p<0.01, d=0.097 on jumping shot; Δ18.6%, t-test p<0.01; d=0.101 on 3-step running throw; and Δ19.1%, t-test p<0.01, d=0.072 on standing throw). Furthermore, a significant improvement by time interactions was observed in both groups on 1-RM bench press and pull-over performance. However, upper limb muscle volumes remained unchanged in both groups. We conclude that adding biweekly elastic band plyometric training to standard training improves measures important to game performance. Accordingly, such exercises can usefully be adopted as a part of handball training.

ACS Style

Ghaith Aloui; Souhail Hermassi; Nicola Luigi Bragazzi; Mehrez Hammami; Yosser Cherni; Nawel Gaamouri; Roy J. Shephard; Lawrence D. Hayes; Mohamed Souhaiel Chelly. The Effects of an 8-weeks in-season Loaded Plyometric Exercise by Elastic Band Training Program on the Peak Power, Strength, and Throwing Velocity of Junior Male Handball Players. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Ghaith Aloui, Souhail Hermassi, Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, Mehrez Hammami, Yosser Cherni, Nawel Gaamouri, Roy J. Shephard, Lawrence D. Hayes, Mohamed Souhaiel Chelly. The Effects of an 8-weeks in-season Loaded Plyometric Exercise by Elastic Band Training Program on the Peak Power, Strength, and Throwing Velocity of Junior Male Handball Players. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ghaith Aloui; Souhail Hermassi; Nicola Luigi Bragazzi; Mehrez Hammami; Yosser Cherni; Nawel Gaamouri; Roy J. Shephard; Lawrence D. Hayes; Mohamed Souhaiel Chelly. 2020. "The Effects of an 8-weeks in-season Loaded Plyometric Exercise by Elastic Band Training Program on the Peak Power, Strength, and Throwing Velocity of Junior Male Handball Players." , no. : 1.

Review
Published: 28 May 2020 in Nutrients
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To evaluate the effects of Ramadan observance on dietary intake, body mass and body composition of adolescent athletes (design: systematic review and meta-analysis; data sources: PubMed and Web of Science; eligibility criteria for selecting studies: single-group, pre-post, with or without control-group studies, conducted in athletes aged

ACS Style

Khaled Trabelsi; Achraf Ammar; Omar Boukhris; Jordan M Glenn; Nick Bott; Stephen R. Stannard; Florian A. Engel; Billy Sperlich; Sergio Garbarino; Nicola L. Bragazzi; Roy J. Shephard; Hamdi Chtourou. Effects of Ramadan Observance on Dietary Intake and Body Composition of Adolescent Athletes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2020, 12, 1574 .

AMA Style

Khaled Trabelsi, Achraf Ammar, Omar Boukhris, Jordan M Glenn, Nick Bott, Stephen R. Stannard, Florian A. Engel, Billy Sperlich, Sergio Garbarino, Nicola L. Bragazzi, Roy J. Shephard, Hamdi Chtourou. Effects of Ramadan Observance on Dietary Intake and Body Composition of Adolescent Athletes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients. 2020; 12 (6):1574.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Khaled Trabelsi; Achraf Ammar; Omar Boukhris; Jordan M Glenn; Nick Bott; Stephen R. Stannard; Florian A. Engel; Billy Sperlich; Sergio Garbarino; Nicola L. Bragazzi; Roy J. Shephard; Hamdi Chtourou. 2020. "Effects of Ramadan Observance on Dietary Intake and Body Composition of Adolescent Athletes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Nutrients 12, no. 6: 1574.

Journal article
Published: 30 April 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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We aimed to investigate the effects of a 25-min nap opportunity on physical performance during the 5-m shuttle run test (5mSRT), feelings (i.e., evaluated by the feeling scale), attention (i.e., evaluated by the digit cancellation test) and the perception of fatigue (i.e., recorded by the rating of perceived exertion (RPE)) during Ramadan observance. Twelve physically active men (age: 21.1 ± 3.2 yrs, height: 1.76 ± 0.05 m, body-mass: 71.2 ± 9.3 kg) voluntarily participated in five test sessions: 15 days before Ramadan (BR), the first 10 days of Ramadan (FR), the last 10 days of Ramadan (ER), 10 days after Ramadan (10AR) and 20 days after Ramadan (20AR). During each test session, participants performed the digit cancellation test, a 5-min standard warm-up, the 5mSRT (6 × 30-s with 35-s intervals-between) and the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) after no-nap (N0) and 25-min nap opportunity (N25) conditions. Participants also completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) during each period. The total distance covered during the 5mSRT did not differ significantly before, during or after Ramadan, but was significantly greater after N25 compared to N0 at 10AR (687.5 ± 23.0 m vs. 725.6 ± 41.1 m; p = 0.018) and 20AR (698.3 ± 19.8 m vs. 742.6 ± 58.3 m; p = 0.003). The attention scores were higher after N25 in comparison with N0 at 10AR (p = 0.04) and 20AR (p = 0.02). RPE scores were not significantly different between N25 and N0 conditions. Feelings scores were higher after N25 compared to N0 during both FR (p = 0.007) and 20AR (p = 0.04). A significant deterioration of sleep quality was recorded during Ramadan (i.e., PSQI scores were significantly higher during and after compared to BR (p < 0.0005)). A 25-min nap opportunity was beneficial for physical and cognitive performance after Ramadan observance; however, any effect is insufficient to show significant beneficial impacts during Ramadan.

ACS Style

Hsen Hsouna; Omar Boukhris; Khaled Trabelsi; Raouf Abdessalem; Achraf Ammar; Khadijah Irandoust; Morteza Taheri; Nizar Souissi; Roy Jesse Shephard; Sergio Garbarino; Nicola Luigi Bragazzi; Hamdi Chtourou. Effects of 25-Min Nap Opportunity during Ramadan Observance on the 5-m Shuttle Run Performance and the Perception of Fatigue in Physically Active Men. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 3135 .

AMA Style

Hsen Hsouna, Omar Boukhris, Khaled Trabelsi, Raouf Abdessalem, Achraf Ammar, Khadijah Irandoust, Morteza Taheri, Nizar Souissi, Roy Jesse Shephard, Sergio Garbarino, Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, Hamdi Chtourou. Effects of 25-Min Nap Opportunity during Ramadan Observance on the 5-m Shuttle Run Performance and the Perception of Fatigue in Physically Active Men. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (9):3135.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hsen Hsouna; Omar Boukhris; Khaled Trabelsi; Raouf Abdessalem; Achraf Ammar; Khadijah Irandoust; Morteza Taheri; Nizar Souissi; Roy Jesse Shephard; Sergio Garbarino; Nicola Luigi Bragazzi; Hamdi Chtourou. 2020. "Effects of 25-Min Nap Opportunity during Ramadan Observance on the 5-m Shuttle Run Performance and the Perception of Fatigue in Physically Active Men." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 9: 3135.

Randomized controlled trial
Published: 15 November 2019 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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This study assessed the impact of 8 weeks biweekly in-season weightlifting training on the strength, throwing ability, and body composition of healthy male handball players. Twenty players (age: 21.2 ± 0.7 years, height: 1.83 ± 0.08 m, body mass: 83.3 ± 7.5 kg, body fat: 13.2 ± 1.4%, upper limb muscle volume: 3.16 ± 0.16 L) were randomly allocated between experimental (EG) and control (CG) groups. Measures of one-repetition maximal strength included bench press, pull-over, snatch, and clean and jerk. Throwing velocity was investigated by standing, running, and jump throws, and the power of the upper limbs was estimated from the total distance of a 3-kg medicine ball overhead throw. Muscle volumes were estimated anthropometrically. Training sessions comprised 3–4 sets of explosive weightlifting exercise at 75%–90% of 1RM (repetition maximum). Significant interaction effects (time x group) were found for all strength and throwing variables, ranging from ηp2 = 0.595 (pull-over) to ηp2 = 0.887 (medicine ball throw), with the largest between-group difference (more than 40%, Δd = 6.65) and effect size (d = 6.44) for the medicine ball throw, and the smallest (about 23%, Δd = 1.61) for the standing shot performance. Significant interaction effects were also detected for all anthropometric parameters (body mass: ηp2 = 0.433; body fat: ηp2 = 0.391; upper limb muscle volume: ηp2 = 0.920, with an almost 20% gain of muscle volume). It can be concluded that 8 weeks of biweekly in-season weightlifting training yielded substantial increases of muscle volume, maximal strength of the upper limbs, and ball throwing velocity in healthy handball players relative to their standard training program.

ACS Style

Souhail Hermassi; Mohamed Souhaiel Chelly; Nicola Luigi Bragazzi; Roy J Shephard; René Schwesig. In-Season Weightlifting Training Exercise in Healthy Male Handball Players: Effects on Body Composition, Muscle Volume, Maximal Strength, and Ball-Throwing Velocity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019, 16, 4520 .

AMA Style

Souhail Hermassi, Mohamed Souhaiel Chelly, Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, Roy J Shephard, René Schwesig. In-Season Weightlifting Training Exercise in Healthy Male Handball Players: Effects on Body Composition, Muscle Volume, Maximal Strength, and Ball-Throwing Velocity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16 (22):4520.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Souhail Hermassi; Mohamed Souhaiel Chelly; Nicola Luigi Bragazzi; Roy J Shephard; René Schwesig. 2019. "In-Season Weightlifting Training Exercise in Healthy Male Handball Players: Effects on Body Composition, Muscle Volume, Maximal Strength, and Ball-Throwing Velocity." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 22: 4520.

Review
Published: 03 October 2019 in Education Sciences
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The main objective of the present review is to evaluate the knowledge and attitudes of physical education (PE) teachers concerning dental trauma first-aid through a systematic appraisal of the literature, meta-analysis and meta-regressions. The entire content of PubMed and ISI/Web of Science was mined. Eligibility criteria for selecting studies were studies evaluating dental trauma first-aid knowledge and/or attitudes and/or the effectiveness of mouthguards use by PE teachers. Articles written in any language and published or accepted by peer-reviewed journals were considered. Methodological quality was assessed using an adapted version of the Downs and Black instrument. Of 15 selected articles, three were of strong quality, three were moderate, and the remaining nine were rated as weak. The majority of studies showed that PE teachers had an inadequate knowledge of the initial management of dental trauma. Specifically, there was a lack of knowledge concerning an appropriate washing and transporting medium and the extra-alveolar period of an avulsed tooth. Due to the inadequate knowledge of PE teachers regarding dental trauma management, specific education should be added to PE classes to improve the emergency treatment of dental injuries.

ACS Style

Khaled Trabelsi; Roy Jesse Shephard; Sahar Zlitni; Omar Boukhris; Achraf Ammar; Aimen Khacharem; Saber Khanfir; Nicola Luigi Bragazzi; Hamdi Chtourou. Dental Trauma First-Aid Knowledge and Attitudes of Physical Education Teachers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Literature with Meta-Regressions. Education Sciences 2019, 9, 251 .

AMA Style

Khaled Trabelsi, Roy Jesse Shephard, Sahar Zlitni, Omar Boukhris, Achraf Ammar, Aimen Khacharem, Saber Khanfir, Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, Hamdi Chtourou. Dental Trauma First-Aid Knowledge and Attitudes of Physical Education Teachers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Literature with Meta-Regressions. Education Sciences. 2019; 9 (4):251.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Khaled Trabelsi; Roy Jesse Shephard; Sahar Zlitni; Omar Boukhris; Achraf Ammar; Aimen Khacharem; Saber Khanfir; Nicola Luigi Bragazzi; Hamdi Chtourou. 2019. "Dental Trauma First-Aid Knowledge and Attitudes of Physical Education Teachers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Literature with Meta-Regressions." Education Sciences 9, no. 4: 251.

Journal article
Published: 17 May 2019 in Sports
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Ramadan is one of the pillars of the Islamic creed. Its observance commonly causes chrono-biological changes. The present study examined sleep and alertness during Ramadan observance relative to data collected before and after Ramadan in a sample of young, physically active men. Information was also collected on dietary intake, muscle soreness, fatigue, and mental stress over the three periods. Fourteen physically active men (age: 21.6 ± 3.3 years, height: 1.77 ± 0.06 m, body-mass: 73.1 ± 9.0 kg) completed the Hooper questionnaire and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and responded to the digit cancellation test (DCT) fifteen days before Ramadan, during the last ten days of Ramadan and 20 days after Ramadan. The PSQI results indicated that sleep duration was significantly longer before Ramadan (p = 0.003) and after Ramadan (p = 0.04) compared to during Ramadan and was longer before Ramadan than after Ramadan (p = 0.04). In addition, the sleep efficiency was lower during Ramadan in comparison to before Ramadan (p = 0.02) and after Ramadan (p = 0.04). The daytime dysfunction score increased during Ramadan in comparison with before Ramadan (p = 0.01) and after Ramadan (p = 0.04), and the sleep quality score was higher during (p = 0.003) and after Ramadan (p = 0.04) as compared to before Ramadan. The sleep disturbance score increased during Ramadan relative to before Ramadan (p = 0.04). However, Ramadan observance had no significant effect on sleep latency. Mental alertness also decreased at the end of Ramadan compared to before (p = 0.003) or after Ramadan (p = 0.01). Dietary intake, muscle soreness, fatigue, and mental stress as estimated by the Hooper questionnaire remained unchanged over the three periods of the investigation (p > 0.05). In conclusion, Ramadan observance had an adverse effect on sleep quantity and on mental alertness, but not on sleep quality. However, dietary intake, muscle soreness, fatigue, and mental stress remained unaffected.

ACS Style

Omar Boukhris; Khaled Trabelsi; Roy Jesse Shephard; Hsen Hsouna; Raouf Abdessalem; Lassaad Chtourou; Achraf Ammar; Nicola Luigi Bragazzi; Hamdi Chtourou. Sleep Patterns, Alertness, Dietary Intake, Muscle Soreness, Fatigue, and Mental Stress Recorded before, during and after Ramadan Observance. Sports 2019, 7, 118 .

AMA Style

Omar Boukhris, Khaled Trabelsi, Roy Jesse Shephard, Hsen Hsouna, Raouf Abdessalem, Lassaad Chtourou, Achraf Ammar, Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, Hamdi Chtourou. Sleep Patterns, Alertness, Dietary Intake, Muscle Soreness, Fatigue, and Mental Stress Recorded before, during and after Ramadan Observance. Sports. 2019; 7 (5):118.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Omar Boukhris; Khaled Trabelsi; Roy Jesse Shephard; Hsen Hsouna; Raouf Abdessalem; Lassaad Chtourou; Achraf Ammar; Nicola Luigi Bragazzi; Hamdi Chtourou. 2019. "Sleep Patterns, Alertness, Dietary Intake, Muscle Soreness, Fatigue, and Mental Stress Recorded before, during and after Ramadan Observance." Sports 7, no. 5: 118.

Randomized controlled trial
Published: 30 April 2019 in Nutrients
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The current study examined the relationships between the effects of consuming a caffeine-containing "energy drink" upon (i) short-term maximal performance, (ii) reaction times, and (iii) psychological factors (i.e., mood state, ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), and affective load) and on physiological parameters (i.e., blood pressure and blood glucose). A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, counterbalanced crossover design was implemented in this study. Nineteen male physical-education students (age: 21.2 ± 1.2 years; height: 1.76 ± 0.08 m; body-mass: 76.6 ± 12.6 kg) performed two test sessions: after drinking the "Red Bull' beverage (RB) and after drinking a placebo (PL). One hour after ingestion of each drink, resting blood glucose and blood pressure were measured and the participants completed the Profile of Mood States questionnaire. Then, after a 5-min warm-up, simple visual reaction time and handgrip force were measured, and the 30-s Wingate test was performed. Immediately after these tests, the RPE, blood glucose, and blood pressure were measured, and the affective load was calculated. Differences between treatments were assessed using two-way repeated measures analyses of variance and paired t-tests, as appropriate. Relationships between the test variables were assessed using Bland-Altman correlations. Significant (i) improvements in peak and mean power output, handgrip force, pre- and post-exercise blood glucose, blood pressure, and vigor and (ii) reductions in reaction times, depression, confusion, fatigue, anger, anxiety, RPE, and affective load scores were observed after RB compared to PL. There were significant correlations of (i) physical performances and reaction times with (ii) RPE, affective load, and pre- and post-exercise blood glucose levels. Gains in peak and mean power were significantly correlated with reductions in fatigue, anxiety (peak power only), and anger (mean power only). The reduction of reaction times was significantly correlated with decreases in confusion and anger and with increases in vigor. Handgrip force and reaction times were significantly correlated with pre- and post-exercise blood pressures. We conclude that RB ingestion has a positive effect on physical performance and reaction times. This effect is related to ergogenic responses in both psychological (i.e., RPE, affective load, and mood state) and physiological (i.e., blood glucose and blood pressure) domains.

ACS Style

Hamdi Chtourou; Khaled Trabelsi; Achraf Ammar; Roy Jesse Shephard; Nicola Luigi Bragazzi. Acute Effects of an "Energy Drink" on Short-Term Maximal Performance, Reaction Times, Psychological and Physiological Parameters: Insights from a Randomized Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Counterbalanced Crossover Trial. Nutrients 2019, 11, 992 .

AMA Style

Hamdi Chtourou, Khaled Trabelsi, Achraf Ammar, Roy Jesse Shephard, Nicola Luigi Bragazzi. Acute Effects of an "Energy Drink" on Short-Term Maximal Performance, Reaction Times, Psychological and Physiological Parameters: Insights from a Randomized Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Counterbalanced Crossover Trial. Nutrients. 2019; 11 (5):992.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hamdi Chtourou; Khaled Trabelsi; Achraf Ammar; Roy Jesse Shephard; Nicola Luigi Bragazzi. 2019. "Acute Effects of an "Energy Drink" on Short-Term Maximal Performance, Reaction Times, Psychological and Physiological Parameters: Insights from a Randomized Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Counterbalanced Crossover Trial." Nutrients 11, no. 5: 992.

Review
Published: 01 August 2017 in The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness
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The aim was to examine the role of physical activity in reducing the risk of bladder cancer, and in managing established disease. A systematic search of Ovid/Medline from 1996 to June 2016 coupled the term urinary bladder neoplasms (25,061 hits) with markers of physical activity (exercise, physical activity, physical education/training, athletes, and physical fitness, a total of 246,683 unique entries). Of 42 titles identified, 18 relevant abstracts were supplemented by reviewing reference lists and personal files to yield 21 articles on prevention of bladder cancer, and 8 on physical activity in disease management. Three cohort and 3 case-control studies examined occupational activity. One report found a statistically significant 40% increase in bladder cancers with a sedentary job, and 2 of 5 other reports found a non-significant trend to decreased risk with physically demanding work. Of 9 cohort and 2 case-control leisure analyses, 1 found significant benefit from physical activity, and 6 others trended to a 11-34% reduction of risk, with adverse effects in only 2 studies. After development of bladder cancer, physical activity was commonly low. However, greater physical activity decreased the risks of cystectomy and increased the quality of life following surgery. Better categorization of lifetime activity and fuller allowance for co-variates seems needed to establish conclusively that greater habitual physical activity will reduce the risk of bladder cancer. Nevertheless, an active lifestyle should be encouraged pending definitive information, because of positive trends and the more general health advantages of regular exercise.

ACS Style

Roy J Shephard. Physical activity in the prevention and management of bladder cancer. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 2017, 57, 1359 -1366.

AMA Style

Roy J Shephard. Physical activity in the prevention and management of bladder cancer. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 2017; 57 (10):1359-1366.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Roy J Shephard. 2017. "Physical activity in the prevention and management of bladder cancer." The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 57, no. 10: 1359-1366.

Review
Published: 16 February 2017 in European Journal of Applied Physiology
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The Douglas bag technique is reviewed as one in a series of articles looking at historical insights into measurement of whole body metabolic rate. Consideration of all articles looking at Douglas bag technique and chemical gas analysis has here focused on the growing appreciation of errors in measuring expired volumes and gas composition, and subjective reactions to airflow resistance and dead space. Multiple small sources of error have been identified and appropriate remedies proposed over a century of use of the methodology. Changes in the bag lining have limited gas diffusion, laboratories conducting gas analyses have undergone validation, and WHO guidelines on airflow resistance have minimized reactive effects. One remaining difficulty is a contamination of expirate by dead space air, minimized by keeping the dead space <70 mL. Care must also be taken to ensure a steady state, and formal validation of the Douglas bag method still needs to be carried out. We may conclude that the Douglas bag method has helped to define key concepts in exercise physiology. Although now superceded in many applications, the errors in a meticulously completed measurement are sufficiently low to warrant retention of the Douglas bag as the gold standard when evaluating newer open-circuit methodology.

ACS Style

Roy J. Shephard. Open-circuit respirometry: a brief historical review of the use of Douglas bags and chemical analyzers. European Journal of Applied Physiology 2017, 117, 381 -387.

AMA Style

Roy J. Shephard. Open-circuit respirometry: a brief historical review of the use of Douglas bags and chemical analyzers. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2017; 117 (3):381-387.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Roy J. Shephard. 2017. "Open-circuit respirometry: a brief historical review of the use of Douglas bags and chemical analyzers." European Journal of Applied Physiology 117, no. 3: 381-387.

Review article
Published: 14 November 2016 in Sports Medicine
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Prostate cancer affects a major proportion of older men, and effective preventive measures are few. Earlier suggestions of 10-30% risk reduction from vigorous physical activity thus merit further analysis. This narrative review updates information on associations between physical activity and prostate cancer, seeking activity patterns associated with maximal risk reduction. Systematic searches of Ovid/MEDLINE and PubMed databases from 1996 to June 2016 have linked the terms prostate neoplasms/prostate cancer with occupation, occupational title, sedentary job or heavy work, exercise, physical activity, sports, athletes, physical education/training or aerobic fitness. Combining these searches with findings from earlier reviews, 85 analyses were captured, although three were repeat analyses of the same data set. Seven analyses reported increased risk, and a further 31 showed no clear relationship. However, 24 analyses found a trend to diminished risk, and 21 a significant decrease (10-30% or more) in at least some subject subsets. Benefit was seen more consistently in occupational than in leisure studies, usually with adolescence or the early 20 s as the optimal age for preventive activity. In general, benefit showed a dose-response relationship, with vigorous activity required for maximal effect. Furthermore, several recent observational studies have indicated that physical activity is beneficial in preventing disease recurrence and improving survival following the diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer. Despite continued research, conclusive proof of an association between regular physical activity and a low risk of prostate cancer remains elusive. However, reports that exercise exacerbates risk are few, and despite issues around controls, covariates, and co-morbidities, an impressive number of studies have now found significant benefit, suggesting that regular physical activity is important in terms of disease development, progression, and therapy. Given also the many other health benefits of an active lifestyle, it can be recommended as a potentially useful measure in the prevention of prostate cancer.

ACS Style

Roy J. Shephard. Physical Activity and Prostate Cancer: An Updated Review. Sports Medicine 2016, 47, 1055 -1073.

AMA Style

Roy J. Shephard. Physical Activity and Prostate Cancer: An Updated Review. Sports Medicine. 2016; 47 (6):1055-1073.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Roy J. Shephard. 2016. "Physical Activity and Prostate Cancer: An Updated Review." Sports Medicine 47, no. 6: 1055-1073.

Book chapter
Published: 03 August 2016 in The Objective Monitoring of Physical Activity: Contributions of Accelerometry to Epidemiology, Exercise Science and Rehabilitation
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The Hockley Valley Consensus Symposium based most of its conclusions on dose/response relationships between physical activity and disease on subjective questionnaire reports. In this chapter, we summarize the findings from the Hockley Valley meeting, and we examine how far these conclusions have been amplified and/or modified by the use of objective physical activity monitors. Among a wide range of topics, we have included data on objective activity monitoring in relation to all-cause mortality, cardiac death, cardiovascular disease, stroke, peripheral vascular disease, hypertension, cardiac and metabolic risk factors, diabetes mellitus, obesity, low back pain. osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, chronic chest disease, cancer, depression, quality of life and the capacity for independent living. The introduction of objective monitoring has clarified dose/response relationships in a number of areas, allowing us to define relationships in terms of objective metrics (the number of steps taken per day). However, much of the information that is currently available remains cross-sectional in type. In many areas of rehabilitation, the pedometer/accelerometer seems a useful motivating device, providing well-documented increments of weekly activity. However, there remains a need for well-designed longitudinal trials, using objective monitors to follow changes in habitual activity and thus to demonstrate causality in the association between physical activity and good health.

ACS Style

Roy J. Shephard. New Perspectives on Activity/Disease Relationships Yielded by Objective Monitoring. The Objective Monitoring of Physical Activity: Contributions of Accelerometry to Epidemiology, Exercise Science and Rehabilitation 2016, 197 -276.

AMA Style

Roy J. Shephard. New Perspectives on Activity/Disease Relationships Yielded by Objective Monitoring. The Objective Monitoring of Physical Activity: Contributions of Accelerometry to Epidemiology, Exercise Science and Rehabilitation. 2016; ():197-276.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Roy J. Shephard. 2016. "New Perspectives on Activity/Disease Relationships Yielded by Objective Monitoring." The Objective Monitoring of Physical Activity: Contributions of Accelerometry to Epidemiology, Exercise Science and Rehabilitation , no. : 197-276.

Book chapter
Published: 03 August 2016 in The Objective Monitoring of Physical Activity: Contributions of Accelerometry to Epidemiology, Exercise Science and Rehabilitation
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Although Hippocrates is often considered the father of epidemiology, John Snow also played an important role with his studies of cholera epidemics in Victorian London. A detailed study of relationships between physical activity and the prevention of chronic disease did not begin until the mid-twentieth century, with Jeremy Morris in London, and Henry Taylor and Ralph Paffenbarger in the U.S. leading investigations of the epidemic of ischaemic heart disease. Occupation or athletic status was initially used to classify the habitual physical activity of study participants, but as daily energy expenditures diminished at most work sites, interest shifted to questionnaire and diary assessments of leisure activity. Other options to classify the habitual activity of subjects included occasional quasi-experimental assignments to exercise programmes, determinations of aerobic fitness, and a study of “natural experiments” where community activity patterns were known to have diminished. Such initiatives generally distinguished active from inactive individuals, but attempts to determine the intensity and volume of exercise that was undertaken often yielded unrealistically large values. The introduction of modern pedometer/accelerometers at first seemed to promise accurate, objective assessments of habitual activity. Although quite successful in assessing standardized activities such as steady walking, the newer monitors have shown much less consistency in measuring the wide range of activities encountered in normal daily living. Future research may focus upon some combination of activity monitoring with global position-sensing and posture detecting devices.

ACS Style

Roy J. Shephard. A History of Physical Activity Measurement in Epidemiology. The Objective Monitoring of Physical Activity: Contributions of Accelerometry to Epidemiology, Exercise Science and Rehabilitation 2016, 39 -83.

AMA Style

Roy J. Shephard. A History of Physical Activity Measurement in Epidemiology. The Objective Monitoring of Physical Activity: Contributions of Accelerometry to Epidemiology, Exercise Science and Rehabilitation. 2016; ():39-83.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Roy J. Shephard. 2016. "A History of Physical Activity Measurement in Epidemiology." The Objective Monitoring of Physical Activity: Contributions of Accelerometry to Epidemiology, Exercise Science and Rehabilitation , no. : 39-83.

Book chapter
Published: 03 August 2016 in The Objective Monitoring of Physical Activity: Contributions of Accelerometry to Epidemiology, Exercise Science and Rehabilitation
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Beginning with the stimulus of the cardiac epidemic in the mid-twentieth century, epidemiologists have shown an ever-increasing interest in the interactions between habitual physical activity and health. Initial enquiries, based on occupational classifications and studies of athletes, were stimulated by the apparent epidemic of ischaemic heart disease. The issues of self-selection and atypical body build were quickly recognized as problems in studies of athletes, and occupational investigations were soon compromised by the declining energy expenditures demanded in most industries. Nevertheless, the search for associations between habitual physical activity and health continued, using activity diaries and physical activity questionnaires of greatly varying complexity and sophistication. Many such instruments proved able to classify target populations into 3 or 4 groups with differing levels of habitual activity. Thus, it became possible to demonstrate statistically and clinically significant associations between the volume and/or the intensity of regular physical activity and protection against not only ischaemic heart disease, but also a wide range of other chronic conditions which to that point had lacked effective prophylaxis.

ACS Style

Roy J. Shephard. Conclusions and Future Directions. The Objective Monitoring of Physical Activity: Contributions of Accelerometry to Epidemiology, Exercise Science and Rehabilitation 2016, 377 -383.

AMA Style

Roy J. Shephard. Conclusions and Future Directions. The Objective Monitoring of Physical Activity: Contributions of Accelerometry to Epidemiology, Exercise Science and Rehabilitation. 2016; ():377-383.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Roy J. Shephard. 2016. "Conclusions and Future Directions." The Objective Monitoring of Physical Activity: Contributions of Accelerometry to Epidemiology, Exercise Science and Rehabilitation , no. : 377-383.

Book chapter
Published: 03 August 2016 in The Objective Monitoring of Physical Activity: Contributions of Accelerometry to Epidemiology, Exercise Science and Rehabilitation
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The form of the dose/response relationship linking habitual physical activity to major health outcomes is of practical importance for those who are formulating public health recommendations on minimum daily physical activity needs. However, available information on the form of this relationship is conflicting. One might anticipate that the optimal physical activity pattern would mimic that of our hunter-gatherer ancestors. Data gathered on traditional Inuit hunters point to a large daily energy expenditure in many types of hunting; this is accumulated mainly through long days of moderate physical activity. Studies based upon occupational classifications also suggest health benefit from vigorous physical exercise at work, and this view is supported by early questionnaire analyses of leisure behaviour. However, a systematic survey of questionnaire-based reports revealed no clear picture, because of differing methods of measuring and classifying physical activity, substantial inaccuracies in self-reports, and examination of a wide variety of health outcomes. Other studies, using simple measures of fitness as surrogate indicators of accumulated physical activity, have pointed to the largest health benefits being gained from a moderate increment of fitness. Objective physical activity monitors allow a much finer gradation of physical activity patterns, and thus have the potential to clarify dose/response relationships. However, this potential has not as yet been realized. The samples tested have been small, and the health outcomes examined have been physiological changes rather than clinical events. Confidence intervals for the benefits realized at different levels of physical activity have thus been as large or larger than those found in questionnaire studies. Future developments should permit the use of objective monitors on a much larger scale; a 100-fold increase in subject numbers seems likely to overcome current problems.

ACS Style

Roy J. Shephard. Objective Monitoring and the Challenge of Defining Dose/Response Relationships for the Prevention of Chronic Disease. The Objective Monitoring of Physical Activity: Contributions of Accelerometry to Epidemiology, Exercise Science and Rehabilitation 2016, 299 -312.

AMA Style

Roy J. Shephard. Objective Monitoring and the Challenge of Defining Dose/Response Relationships for the Prevention of Chronic Disease. The Objective Monitoring of Physical Activity: Contributions of Accelerometry to Epidemiology, Exercise Science and Rehabilitation. 2016; ():299-312.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Roy J. Shephard. 2016. "Objective Monitoring and the Challenge of Defining Dose/Response Relationships for the Prevention of Chronic Disease." The Objective Monitoring of Physical Activity: Contributions of Accelerometry to Epidemiology, Exercise Science and Rehabilitation , no. : 299-312.

Book chapter
Published: 03 August 2016 in The Objective Monitoring of Physical Activity: Contributions of Accelerometry to Epidemiology, Exercise Science and Rehabilitation
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Over a lifetime, the annual per capita direct and indirect costs associated with cardiovascular disease amount to around 1 year’s salary for the average wage-earner. Additional costs arise from other forms of chronic disease where physical activity could potentially play a preventive role. Questionnaires and other methods of categorizing an individual’s habitual physical activity suggest that per capita health-care costs may be half as great in those members of the community who are classed as physically active, and some authors have thus argued that overall costs could be halved if everyone were to become active. Objective monitoring is now offering the potential for a more precise gradation of the costs attributable to individual diseases in relation to levels of habitual physical activity. Rather than assuming a generic beneficial effect of “activity,” it has become possible to quantitate the magnitude of the economic benefits likely from the small increases of activity that can be achieved in sedentary populations with respect to each of a range of chronic diseases. The application of objective monitoring demonstrates that the greatest economic benefit is likely from changing the behaviour of the most sedentary individuals in a given population. It also identifies specific clinical conditions where an increase of habitual physical activity should yield large financial dividends. If applied on a large scale, objective monitoring offers the potential for prospective monitoring of the effects of defined increases in exercise behaviour upon immediate charges to the health care system, as well as an objective assessment of the costs of motivating defined changes in physical activity patterns. To date, objective monitors have only been applied to two economic analyses in elderly people (where the primary activity of walking is readily monitored, but also where a substantial fraction of population health care costs are incurred). Extension of these analyses to younger adults is desirable, but it will require the development of a second generation of objective monitors that can respond accurately to the full range of sports and pastimes pursued by the younger generation.

ACS Style

Roy J. Shephard. The Economic Benefits of Increased Physical Activity as Seen Through an Objective Lens. The Objective Monitoring of Physical Activity: Contributions of Accelerometry to Epidemiology, Exercise Science and Rehabilitation 2016, 313 -333.

AMA Style

Roy J. Shephard. The Economic Benefits of Increased Physical Activity as Seen Through an Objective Lens. The Objective Monitoring of Physical Activity: Contributions of Accelerometry to Epidemiology, Exercise Science and Rehabilitation. 2016; ():313-333.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Roy J. Shephard. 2016. "The Economic Benefits of Increased Physical Activity as Seen Through an Objective Lens." The Objective Monitoring of Physical Activity: Contributions of Accelerometry to Epidemiology, Exercise Science and Rehabilitation , no. : 313-333.

Book chapter
Published: 03 August 2016 in The Objective Monitoring of Physical Activity: Contributions of Accelerometry to Epidemiology, Exercise Science and Rehabilitation
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Objective monitoring of physical activity confirms the impression formed from questionnaire responses that both adults and children who are overweight or obese take less physical activity than their peers who have a healthy body mass. Pedometer/accelerometer data provides relatively precise information on the magnitude of the deficit in physical activity, which amounts to around 2000 steps/day, or 15–20 minutes/day of moderate and/or vigorous physical activity. In some studies of those who are grossly obese, there is also evidence of an increase in sedentary time. The overall difference in daily energy expenditure between those of normal weight and those who are overweight or obese is quite small, underlining that the build-up of fat usually occurs over several years. Pedometers and accelerometers provide a useful initial stimulus to greater physical activity, although there remains a need to examine how to maximize the impact of instrumentation and to sustain its motivational effect. There is now good evidence that for at least a few months, the physical activity of an obese adult can be augmented by 2000–3000 steps/day, and that this initiates a slow but consistent loss of body fat (0.05–0.1 kg/week). Relative to dieting, the increase of physical activity also brings other health advantages, including increases of aerobic power and lean tissue, and a decrease of metabolic and cardiac risk factors.

ACS Style

Roy J. Shephard. Excessive Appetite vs. Inadequate Physical Activity in the Pathology of Obesity: Evidence from Objective Monitoring. The Objective Monitoring of Physical Activity: Contributions of Accelerometry to Epidemiology, Exercise Science and Rehabilitation 2016, 277 -298.

AMA Style

Roy J. Shephard. Excessive Appetite vs. Inadequate Physical Activity in the Pathology of Obesity: Evidence from Objective Monitoring. The Objective Monitoring of Physical Activity: Contributions of Accelerometry to Epidemiology, Exercise Science and Rehabilitation. 2016; ():277-298.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Roy J. Shephard. 2016. "Excessive Appetite vs. Inadequate Physical Activity in the Pathology of Obesity: Evidence from Objective Monitoring." The Objective Monitoring of Physical Activity: Contributions of Accelerometry to Epidemiology, Exercise Science and Rehabilitation , no. : 277-298.

Book chapter
Published: 03 August 2016 in The Objective Monitoring of Physical Activity: Contributions of Accelerometry to Epidemiology, Exercise Science and Rehabilitation
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Epidemiologists seek associations between environmental factors, lifestyle influences and human health; they use current modifications of a series of guidelines enunciated by Bradford Hill to assess the hypothesis that observed associations are causal in nature. We now have a long list of medical conditions where physical activity has been suggested as having a beneficial influence in prevention and/or treatment. Questionnaire evaluations of such claims have been hampered by the limited reliability and validity of self-reports. The introduction of pedometer/accelerometers and other objective monitors has facilitated the determination of causality, allowing investigators to study the effects of clearly specified types, intensities, frequencies and durations of physical activity. Nevertheless, further improvement of monitoring devices is needed in order that epidemiologists can capture the full range of activities typical of children and younger adults. Objective monitoring does not support the hypothesis that a minimum intensity of physical effort is needed for health benefit; indeed, in sedentary individuals the largest improvements in health are often seen with quite small increases of habitual activity. There is no obvious threshold of response, but for many medical conditions available data suggests a ceiling of benefit, with no apparent gains of health once habitual activity attains a specified upper limit. Causality can never be totally proven, but objective data allows the inference that multiple health benefits will stem from moderate daily physical activity; the evidence is sufficiently strong that people of all ages should be urged to adopt such behaviour.

ACS Style

Roy J. Shephard. Physical Activity and Optimal Health: The Challenge to Epidemiology. The Objective Monitoring of Physical Activity: Contributions of Accelerometry to Epidemiology, Exercise Science and Rehabilitation 2016, 1 -38.

AMA Style

Roy J. Shephard. Physical Activity and Optimal Health: The Challenge to Epidemiology. The Objective Monitoring of Physical Activity: Contributions of Accelerometry to Epidemiology, Exercise Science and Rehabilitation. 2016; ():1-38.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Roy J. Shephard. 2016. "Physical Activity and Optimal Health: The Challenge to Epidemiology." The Objective Monitoring of Physical Activity: Contributions of Accelerometry to Epidemiology, Exercise Science and Rehabilitation , no. : 1-38.

Review
Published: 10 June 2016 in Sports Medicine
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Relationships between peptic ulcer and physical activity have as yet received little attention. The prevalence of ulceration is high in racehorses and sled dogs, particularly during periods of competition. In humans, some occupational comparisons show an increased risk among manual workers, but it remains difficult to separate effects of work-related activity from social class and attendant influences of smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, shift work, and other stressors. Two studies of leisure activity point to some benefit from moderate physical activity, one finding a reduced risk of gastric ulcers and the other finding no effect on gastric ulcers but a reduced risk of duodenal ulcers in men only. Moderate physical activity could have a favorable impact on a number of risk factors for peptic ulceration. It could reduce gastric secretions and enhance immune function, with the latter reducing the risk of Helicobacter pylori infection. Moderate activity might also reduce anxiety and encourage the adoption of a healthy lifestyle, with avoidance of smoking and an excessive consumption of alcohol. However, prolonged endurance exercise seems likely to have a negative impact, suppressing immune function, reducing mucosal blood flow, and calling for frequent administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). As with other aspects of exercise medicine, there may be a J-shaped relationship between dose and response. Limited human observations suggest a favourable response to bouts of moderate leisure activity but little benefit from heavy occupational activity and, in some animal studies, negative effects at high volumes and intensities of exercise. Further research is recommended to confirm the nature of this relationship, clarify the location of any nadir of risk for various classes of individual, and to explore mechanisms and antidotes.

ACS Style

Roy J. Shephard. Peptic Ulcer and Exercise. Sports Medicine 2016, 47, 33 -40.

AMA Style

Roy J. Shephard. Peptic Ulcer and Exercise. Sports Medicine. 2016; 47 (1):33-40.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Roy J. Shephard. 2016. "Peptic Ulcer and Exercise." Sports Medicine 47, no. 1: 33-40.