The frequency of global floods has increased, posing significant threats to economic development and human safety. Existing flood risk zoning studies in disaster prevention lack integration of the natural–economic–social chain and urban resilience factors. This study addresses this gap by constructing flood disaster risk and intensity indices using data from 31 provinces and 295 prefectural-level cities in China from 2011 to 2022. These indices incorporate natural (rainfall), economic (GDP), and social (population, built-up area) indicators to assess the flood likelihood and loss degree, providing comprehensive risk and intensity ratings. The study also examines the impact of resilience factors—environmental (green space), infrastructural (rainwater pipeline density), and natural resource (watershed areas)—on flood intensity. Findings reveal that high-risk regions are mainly in the Yangtze River Basin and southern regions, while high-intensity regions are primarily in the middle and lower Yangtze River and certain northwestern cities. Increasing rainwater pipeline density mitigates flood impacts in high-risk, high-intensity areas, while expanding green spaces and pipelines are effective in high-risk, low-intensity regions. This paper proposes a comprehensive flood hazard zoning mechanism integrating natural, economic, and social factors with urban resilience, offering insights and a scientific basis for urban flood management.

A large number of studies have been undertaken to examine the impact of tourism on the local resource carrying capacity. However, the indirect non-local environmental impact of tourism was largely overlooked in existing studies from the perspective of supply chain and industrial linkage. Although tourism is a non-material production sector, it has very strong industrial linkage driving effects. In addition, it can not only promote local resource consumption, but also drive that of other regions through the supply chain. In this paper, an environmentally extended multi-regional input-output model combining tourism satellite account is established to investigate China’s interprovincial tourism water footprint (TWF) and tourism energy footprint (TEF) in 2012 ~ 2015. Our results indicate that TEF has increased by 61%, which is about twice the increase in TWF (37%), due to the contribution of water efficiency improvement being higher than energy use efficiency. Results demonstrated that the rapid growth of tourism exaggerated the unbalanced regional water and energy consumption. The environmental Gini coefficient of TWF and TEF consumption intensity increased from 0.386 to 0.43 and from 0.216 to 0.242, respectively in 2012 ~ 2015. The lower tourism income regions (Northwest and Northeast regions) tend to generate higher water and energy consumption intensity. From the perspective of water-energy nexus, the improvement of water use efficiency could result in great TEF alleviation. Our research provides the quantification tool of regional inequality and driving factors of tourism industry from the water-energy nexus perspective. This can be extended to other countries and regions in the world to reveal the deeper relationship between tourism and resources.