According to the regulations of the European Parliament on fertilizer products, by July 2024, all substances used for coating fertilizers should be biodegradable. A series of coated fertilizers was prepared, which differed in the amount of applied coating layer. The core of the composition was granular ammonium nitrate, which contains 27% nitrogen. The effects of the amount of oil layers were examined. The article shows the results of IR testing and Iodine Value of the materials used. The coated fertilizer was evaluated for the release of nutrients under water conditions according to the standard ISO 21263, and the water samples were taken after every day for a 7-day period. The nitrogen content was analysed by elemental analysis. Microscopic pictures of the fertilizer composition were taken before release. The obtained product had potential controlled-release properties and was environmentally friendly. The tested material shows high potential as a component of a two-layer coated fertilizer. This type of fertilizer could be particularly useful in agricultural and horticultural applications.

This study presents an efficient process for producing sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) from soybean oil through hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) and hydroisomerization (HI). The research utilized a commercial nickel catalyst for the HDO step, and a newly developed platinum catalyst supported on SAPO-11 zeolite for the hydroisomerization (HI) stage. The process parameters, including temperature and pressure, were optimized to maximize conversion efficiency and meet ASTM D7566 standards. The results indicate that the HDO process using the nickel catalyst achieved a high yield of n-alkanes (97.8% ± 0.4%) with complete conversion of triglycerides. In the subsequent hydroisomerization step, the platinum catalyst demonstrated excellent selectivity for Jet-A1 fuel, yielding a bio-jet fraction of 87.5% ± 1.6% in a 200 h continuous test. This study also highlights the minimal coking phenomena and high catalyst stability throughout the process. This work suggests that soybean oil, as a readily available feedstock, could significantly contribute to the production of SAF and reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the aviation sector. Additionally, the optimization of temperature and pressure conditions is crucial for enhancing the yield and quality of the final bio-jet product.