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Dr. Leonidas Matsakas
Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, C148 Luleå, Sweden

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Research Keywords & Expertise

0 Bioenergy
0 Biofuels
0 Biomaterials
0 Lignin valorization
0 Heterotrophic growth of algae

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Organosolv
Biofuels
Biomaterials
Biomass pretreatment and fractionation
Lignin valorization
Heterotrophic growth of algae
Production of nutraceutical compounds

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Journal article
Published: 30 August 2021 in Bioresource Technology
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The aim of this study was to assess the effect of hot water extraction followed by organosolv pretreatment on the enzymatic hydrolysability of spruce bark biomass. To this end, samples were pretreated at five different temperatures in the presence or not of acid catalyst. The cellulose content of pre-treated biomass reached 49.6% w/w. During the enzymatic hydrolysis trials with 3% w/w dry solids, the final hydrolysis yield reached up to 70.1%, which corresponded to the release of 7.8 g/L of glucose. Whereas, the final hydrolysis yield obtained during the high-gravity enzymatic hydrolysis reached up to 43.5%. The concentration of released glucose was in range of 33.3 – 40.0 g/L with a hemicellulose sugars in a range of 5.5 – 6.6 g/L. These values are suitable for downstream bioconversion processes and represent a significant improvement over existing steam pretreatment methods.

ACS Style

Kateřina Hrůzová; Leonidas Matsakas; Ulrika Rova; Paul Christakopoulos. Organosolv fractionation of spruce bark using ethanol-water mixtures: towards a novel bio-refinery concept. Bioresource Technology 2021, 125855 .

AMA Style

Kateřina Hrůzová, Leonidas Matsakas, Ulrika Rova, Paul Christakopoulos. Organosolv fractionation of spruce bark using ethanol-water mixtures: towards a novel bio-refinery concept. Bioresource Technology. 2021; ():125855.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kateřina Hrůzová; Leonidas Matsakas; Ulrika Rova; Paul Christakopoulos. 2021. "Organosolv fractionation of spruce bark using ethanol-water mixtures: towards a novel bio-refinery concept." Bioresource Technology , no. : 125855.

Journal article
Published: 03 July 2021 in Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering
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The increasing environmental impact of fuels and chemicals from non-renewable fossil-based resources, as well as possible depletion of the latter, has spurred interest in sustainable alternatives. Fuels and chemicals can be produced in a carbon-neutral manner from renewable feedstock via biological processes. Short-and medium-chain fatty acids (SCCA and MCCA, respectively) have potential applications in the food, pharmaceutical, chemical, and biofuel industries. Microbial production of valuable elongated MCCA from SCCA requires an electron donor. The present study investigated the influence of ethanol as an electron donor for the mixed microbial fermentation of SCCA (C2-C5) and MCCA (C6) from brewery spent grains as feedstock. Chain elongation of SCCA to MCCA was evaluated under different ethanol concentrations (3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 g/L) and compared with a non-ethanol control. Acidogenic fermentation successfully converted brewery spent grains to SCCA, reaching 19.66 gCOD/L (15 g/L ethanol supplementation) along with bio-hydrogen production of 41%. Accumulated SCCA were elongated to MCCA in a reverse β oxidation pathway to 9.1 gCOD/L of caproic acid (9 g/L ethanol). Ethanol consumption displayed a good correlation with MCCA formation, confirming the chain elongation capability of mixed cultures. Volatile solids were reduced by more than 70%. Continuous hydrolysis of the substrate with the release of sugars points to the beneficial role of mixed culture fermentation for the production of renewable fuels and chemicals.

ACS Style

OmPrakash Sarkar; Ulrika Rova; Paul Christakopoulos; Leonidas Matsakas. Ethanol addition promotes elongation of short-chain fatty acids to medium-chain fatty acids using brewery spent grains as substrate. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 2021, 9, 105990 .

AMA Style

OmPrakash Sarkar, Ulrika Rova, Paul Christakopoulos, Leonidas Matsakas. Ethanol addition promotes elongation of short-chain fatty acids to medium-chain fatty acids using brewery spent grains as substrate. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering. 2021; 9 (5):105990.

Chicago/Turabian Style

OmPrakash Sarkar; Ulrika Rova; Paul Christakopoulos; Leonidas Matsakas. 2021. "Ethanol addition promotes elongation of short-chain fatty acids to medium-chain fatty acids using brewery spent grains as substrate." Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 9, no. 5: 105990.

Review article
Published: 28 June 2021 in Trends in Food Science & Technology
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Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids are examples of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). The omega-3 α-linolenic acid and omega-6 linoleic acid cannot be generated by humans and, therefore, are considered essential fatty acids. Long-chain PUFAs, such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), can be produced from α-linolenic acid in the human body, but at a level too low to meet daily requirements and must be supplemented through the diet. Daily intake of EPA and DHA reduces the risk of heart disease, Alzheimer's, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and type 2 diabetes; moreover, DHA is essential for proper visual and neurological postnatal development. Fish oil and seafood are widely used as sources of omega fatty acids, which represents a two-fold problem. First, it depletes fish stocks and impacts negatively on the aquatic environment through excessive aquaculture. Second, the growing popularity of veganism and vegetarianism puts these consumers at risk of omega-3 fatty acid deficiency. Hence, alternative sources of long-chain PUFAs for human consumption should be found. Plants produce only a handful of PUFAs, such as linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid, γ-linolenic acid, and octadecatetraenoic acid. Thraustochytrids, non-photosynthetic marine microorganisms often mislabeled as ‘algae’, represent a promising commercial source of omega-3 fatty acids due to their high content of PUFAs. In this review, we describe lipid synthesis in thraustochytrids and distinguish it from that of other microorganisms, including proper microalgae. Furthermore, we detail the advances in omega-3 fatty acids production from thraustochytrids at laboratory and industrial scale.

ACS Style

Alok Patel; Dimitra Karageorgou; Petros Katapodis; Amit Sharma; Ulrika Rova; Paul Christakopoulos; Leonidas Matsakas. Bioprospecting of thraustochytrids for omega-3 fatty acids: A sustainable approach to reduce dependency on animal sources. Trends in Food Science & Technology 2021, 115, 433 -444.

AMA Style

Alok Patel, Dimitra Karageorgou, Petros Katapodis, Amit Sharma, Ulrika Rova, Paul Christakopoulos, Leonidas Matsakas. Bioprospecting of thraustochytrids for omega-3 fatty acids: A sustainable approach to reduce dependency on animal sources. Trends in Food Science & Technology. 2021; 115 ():433-444.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alok Patel; Dimitra Karageorgou; Petros Katapodis; Amit Sharma; Ulrika Rova; Paul Christakopoulos; Leonidas Matsakas. 2021. "Bioprospecting of thraustochytrids for omega-3 fatty acids: A sustainable approach to reduce dependency on animal sources." Trends in Food Science & Technology 115, no. : 433-444.

Journal article
Published: 09 June 2021 in Molecules
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In this study, formaldehyde-free bioresin adhesives were synthesised from lignin and tannin, which were obtained from softwood bark. The extraction was done via organosolv treatment and hot water extraction, respectively. A non-volatile, non-toxic aldehyde, glyoxal, was used as a substitute for formaldehyde in order to modify the chemical structure of both the lignin and tannin. The glyoxal modification reaction was confirmed by ATR–FTIR spectroscopy. Three different resin formulations were prepared using modified lignin along with the modified tannin. The thermal properties of the modified lignin, tannin, and the bioresins were assessed by DSC and TGA. When the bioresins were cured at a high temperature (200 °C) by compression moulding, they exhibited higher thermal stability as well as an enhanced degree of cross-linking compared to the low temperature-cured bioresins. The thermal properties of the resins were strongly affected by the compositions of the resins as well as the curing temperatures.

ACS Style

Sunanda Sain; Leonidas Matsakas; Ulrika Rova; Paul Christakopoulos; Tommy Öman; Mikael Skrifvars. Spruce Bark-Extracted Lignin and Tannin-Based Bioresin-Adhesives: Effect of Curing Temperatures on the Thermal Properties of the Resins. Molecules 2021, 26, 3523 .

AMA Style

Sunanda Sain, Leonidas Matsakas, Ulrika Rova, Paul Christakopoulos, Tommy Öman, Mikael Skrifvars. Spruce Bark-Extracted Lignin and Tannin-Based Bioresin-Adhesives: Effect of Curing Temperatures on the Thermal Properties of the Resins. Molecules. 2021; 26 (12):3523.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sunanda Sain; Leonidas Matsakas; Ulrika Rova; Paul Christakopoulos; Tommy Öman; Mikael Skrifvars. 2021. "Spruce Bark-Extracted Lignin and Tannin-Based Bioresin-Adhesives: Effect of Curing Temperatures on the Thermal Properties of the Resins." Molecules 26, no. 12: 3523.

Editorial
Published: 31 May 2021 in Processes
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Global consumption of materials such as forest resources, fossil fuels, earth metals and minerals are expected to double in the next 30 years, while annual waste production is estimated to increase by approximately 70% by 2050

ACS Style

Anna Trubetskaya; Leonidas Matsakas. Special Issue: Biochemical and Thermochemical Conversion Processes of Lignocellulosic Biomass Fractionated Streams. Processes 2021, 9, 969 .

AMA Style

Anna Trubetskaya, Leonidas Matsakas. Special Issue: Biochemical and Thermochemical Conversion Processes of Lignocellulosic Biomass Fractionated Streams. Processes. 2021; 9 (6):969.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anna Trubetskaya; Leonidas Matsakas. 2021. "Special Issue: Biochemical and Thermochemical Conversion Processes of Lignocellulosic Biomass Fractionated Streams." Processes 9, no. 6: 969.

Journal article
Published: 19 March 2021 in Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis
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Seven different lignin samples, three from Kraft extraction and four from organosolv extraction, were subjected to hydrothermal treatment at 260℃ for four hours to assess the impact of lignin type on the physicochemical properties of the hydrothermal material. The 13C Solid state NMR, XPS, FTIR and SEM analysis revealed that the different sources of lignin and the extraction conditions created variations in the degree of syringyl and guaiacyl subunits, inter-unit bonding arrangements, morphology and surface composition. Hydrothermal carbonization appeared to “normalize” the differences between each of the lignin samples, via breaking β-O-4 or α-O-4 linkages, removal of methoxy and syringyl subunits, and creation of CC and 4-O-5 linkages to polymerization into large 100−200 μm amorphous carbon particles. Overall, this study indicates that the source and extraction type have minimal influence on the physicochemical structure and morphology of the final hydrothermal product.

ACS Style

Kenneth G. Latham; Leonidas Matsakas; João Figueira; Ulrika Rova; Paul Christakopoulos; Stina Jansson. Examination of how variations in lignin properties from Kraft and organosolv extraction influence the physicochemical characteristics of hydrothermal carbon. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 2021, 155, 105095 .

AMA Style

Kenneth G. Latham, Leonidas Matsakas, João Figueira, Ulrika Rova, Paul Christakopoulos, Stina Jansson. Examination of how variations in lignin properties from Kraft and organosolv extraction influence the physicochemical characteristics of hydrothermal carbon. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis. 2021; 155 ():105095.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kenneth G. Latham; Leonidas Matsakas; João Figueira; Ulrika Rova; Paul Christakopoulos; Stina Jansson. 2021. "Examination of how variations in lignin properties from Kraft and organosolv extraction influence the physicochemical characteristics of hydrothermal carbon." Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 155, no. : 105095.

Research article
Published: 01 February 2021 in ACS Omega
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Organosolv pretreatment represents one of the most promising biomass valorization strategies for renewable carbon-based products; meanwhile, there is an overall lack of holistic approach to how extraction conditions affect the suitable end-usages. In this context, lignin extracted from silver birch (Betula pendula L.) by a novel hybrid organosolv/steam-explosion treatment at varying process conditions (EtOH %; time; catalyst %) was analyzed by quantitative NMR (1H–13C HSQC; 13C NMR; 31P NMR), gel permeation chromatography, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), Pyr-gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GC/MS), and thermogravimetric analysis, and the physicochemical characteristics of the lignins were discussed regarding their potential usages. Characteristic lignin interunit bonding motifs, such as β-O-4′, β-β′, and β-5′, were found to dominate in the extracted lignins, with their abundance varying with treatment conditions. Low-molecular-weight lignins with fairly unaltered characteristics were generated via extraction with the highest ethanol content potentially suitable for subsequent production of free phenolics. Furthermore, β-β′ and β-5′ structures were predominant at higher acid catalyst contents and prolonged treatment times. Higher acid catalyst content led to oxidation and ethoxylation of side-chains, with the concomitant gradual disappearance of p-hydroxycinnamyl alcohol and cinnamaldehyde. This said, the increasing application of acid generated a broad set of lignin characteristics with potential applications such as antioxidants, carbon fiber, nanoparticles, and water remediation purposes.

ACS Style

Petter Paulsen Thoresen; Heiko Lange; Claudia Crestini; Ulrika Rova; Leonidas Matsakas; Paul Christakopoulos. Characterization of Organosolv Birch Lignins: Toward Application-Specific Lignin Production. ACS Omega 2021, 6, 4374 -4385.

AMA Style

Petter Paulsen Thoresen, Heiko Lange, Claudia Crestini, Ulrika Rova, Leonidas Matsakas, Paul Christakopoulos. Characterization of Organosolv Birch Lignins: Toward Application-Specific Lignin Production. ACS Omega. 2021; 6 (6):4374-4385.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Petter Paulsen Thoresen; Heiko Lange; Claudia Crestini; Ulrika Rova; Leonidas Matsakas; Paul Christakopoulos. 2021. "Characterization of Organosolv Birch Lignins: Toward Application-Specific Lignin Production." ACS Omega 6, no. 6: 4374-4385.

Microbiology
Published: 28 January 2021 in Frontiers in Microbiology
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Given an increasing focus on environmental sustainability, microbial oils have been suggested as an alternative to petroleum-based products. However, microbial oil production relies on the use of costly sugar-based feedstocks. Substrate limitation, elevated costs, and risk of contamination have sparked the search for alternatives to sugar-based platforms. Volatile fatty acids are generated during anaerobic digestion of organic waste and are considered a promising substrate for microbial oil production. In the present study, two freshwater and one marine microalga along with two thraustochytrids were evaluated for their potential to produce lipids when cultivated on volatile fatty acids generated from food waste via anaerobic digestion using a membrane bioreactor. Freshwater microalgae Auxenochlorella protothecoides and Chlorella sorokiniana synthesized lipids rich in palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), oleic acid (C18:1), and linoleic acid (C18:2). This composition corresponds to that of soybean and jatropha oils, which are used as biodiesel feedstock. Production of added-value polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) mainly omega-3 fatty acids was examined in three different marine strains: Aurantiochytrium sp. T66, Schizochytrium limacinum SR21, and Crypthecodinium cohnii. Only Aurantiochytrium sp. T66 seemed promising, generating 43.19% docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and 13.56% docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) in total lipids. In summary, we show that A. protothecoides, C. sorokiniana, and Aurantiochytrium sp. T66 can be used for microbial oil production from food waste material.

ACS Style

Alok Patel; Amir Mahboubi; Ilona Sárvári Horváth; Mohammad J. Taherzadeh; Ulrika Rova; Paul Christakopoulos; Leonidas Matsakas. Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs) Generated by Anaerobic Digestion Serve as Feedstock for Freshwater and Marine Oleaginous Microorganisms to Produce Biodiesel and Added-Value Compounds. Frontiers in Microbiology 2021, 12, 1 .

AMA Style

Alok Patel, Amir Mahboubi, Ilona Sárvári Horváth, Mohammad J. Taherzadeh, Ulrika Rova, Paul Christakopoulos, Leonidas Matsakas. Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs) Generated by Anaerobic Digestion Serve as Feedstock for Freshwater and Marine Oleaginous Microorganisms to Produce Biodiesel and Added-Value Compounds. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2021; 12 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alok Patel; Amir Mahboubi; Ilona Sárvári Horváth; Mohammad J. Taherzadeh; Ulrika Rova; Paul Christakopoulos; Leonidas Matsakas. 2021. "Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs) Generated by Anaerobic Digestion Serve as Feedstock for Freshwater and Marine Oleaginous Microorganisms to Produce Biodiesel and Added-Value Compounds." Frontiers in Microbiology 12, no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 11 December 2020 in Molecules
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Xylan is one of the most abundant carbohydrates on Earth. Complete degradation of xylan is achieved by the collaborative action of endo-β-1,4-xylanases and β-d-xylosidases and a number of accessories enzymes. In filamentous fungi, the xylanolytic system is controlled through induction and repression. However, the exact mechanism remains unclear. Substrates containing xylan promote the induction of xylanases, which release xylooligosaccharides. These, in turn, induce expression of xylanase-encoding genes. Here, we aimed to determine which xylan degradation products acted as inducers, and whether the size of the released oligomer correlated with its induction strength. To this end, we compared xylanase production by different inducers, such as sophorose, lactose, cellooligosaccharides, and xylooligosaccharides in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. Results indicate that xylooligosaccharides are more effective than other substrates at inducing endoxylanase and β-xylosidases. Moreover, we report a correlation between the degree of xylooligosaccharide polymerization and induction efficiency of each enzyme. Specifically, xylotetraose is the best inducer of endoxylanase, xylohexaose of extracellular β-xylosidase, and xylobiose of cell-bound β-xylosidase.

ACS Style

Nasim Najjarzadeh; Leonidas Matsakas; Ulrika Rova; Paul Christakopoulos. Effect of Oligosaccharide Degree of Polymerization on the Induction of Xylan-Degrading Enzymes by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Lycopersici. Molecules 2020, 25, 5849 .

AMA Style

Nasim Najjarzadeh, Leonidas Matsakas, Ulrika Rova, Paul Christakopoulos. Effect of Oligosaccharide Degree of Polymerization on the Induction of Xylan-Degrading Enzymes by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Lycopersici. Molecules. 2020; 25 (24):5849.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nasim Najjarzadeh; Leonidas Matsakas; Ulrika Rova; Paul Christakopoulos. 2020. "Effect of Oligosaccharide Degree of Polymerization on the Induction of Xylan-Degrading Enzymes by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Lycopersici." Molecules 25, no. 24: 5849.

Research article
Published: 08 December 2020 in ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering
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The tunicate species Ciona intestinalis is a fast-growing marine invertebrate animal that contains cellulose in its outer part—the tunic. The high crystallinity and microfibril aspect ratio of tunicate cellulose make it an excellent starting material for the isolation of nanocellulose. In the present work, tunic from C. intestinalis was subjected to organosolv pretreatment followed by bleaching and acid-hydrolysis steps for the isolation of nanocrystals. Applying an intermediate enzymatic treatment step with a lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO) from the thermophilic fungus Thermothelomyces thermophila was proved to facilitate the isolation of nanocellulose and to improve the overall process yield, even when the bleaching step was omitted. LPMOs are able to oxidatively cleave the glycosidic bonds of a polysaccharide substrate, either at the C1 and/or C4 position, with the former leading to introduction of carboxylate moieties. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis showed a significant increase in the atomic percentage of the C═O/O–C–O and O–C═O bonds upon the addition of LPMO, while the obtained nanocrystals exhibited higher thermal stability compared to the untreated ones. Moreover, an enzymatic post-treatment with LPMOs was performed to additionally functionalize the cellulose nanocrystals. Our results demonstrate that LPMOs are promising candidates for the enzymatic modification of cellulose fibers, including the preparation of oxidized-nanocellulose, and offer great perspectives for the production of novel biobased nanomaterials.

ACS Style

Anthi Karnaouri; Blanca Jalvo; Philipp Moritz; Leonidas Matsakas; Ulrika Rova; Oliver Höfft; Georgia Sourkouni; Wolfgang Maus-Friedrichs; Aji P. Mathew; Paul Christakopoulos. Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenase-Assisted Preparation of Oxidized-Cellulose Nanocrystals with a High Carboxyl Content from the Tunic of Marine Invertebrate Ciona intestinalis. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 2020, 8, 18400 -18412.

AMA Style

Anthi Karnaouri, Blanca Jalvo, Philipp Moritz, Leonidas Matsakas, Ulrika Rova, Oliver Höfft, Georgia Sourkouni, Wolfgang Maus-Friedrichs, Aji P. Mathew, Paul Christakopoulos. Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenase-Assisted Preparation of Oxidized-Cellulose Nanocrystals with a High Carboxyl Content from the Tunic of Marine Invertebrate Ciona intestinalis. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering. 2020; 8 (50):18400-18412.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anthi Karnaouri; Blanca Jalvo; Philipp Moritz; Leonidas Matsakas; Ulrika Rova; Oliver Höfft; Georgia Sourkouni; Wolfgang Maus-Friedrichs; Aji P. Mathew; Paul Christakopoulos. 2020. "Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenase-Assisted Preparation of Oxidized-Cellulose Nanocrystals with a High Carboxyl Content from the Tunic of Marine Invertebrate Ciona intestinalis." ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 8, no. 50: 18400-18412.

Review
Published: 03 December 2020 in Bioresource Technology
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To meet environmental sustainability goals, microbial oils have been suggested as an alternative to petroleum-based products. At present, microbial fermentation for oil production relies on sugar-based feedstocks. However, these substrates are costly, in limited supply, and present an elevated risk of contamination. Volatile fatty acids, which are generated as intermediates during anaerobic digestion of organic waste, could replace conventional sugar sources for microbial oil production. They comprise short-chain (C2 to C6) organic acids and are employed as building blocks in the chemical industry. The present review discusses the use of oleaginous microorganisms for the production of biofuels and added-value products starting from volatile fatty acids as feedstocks. The review describes the metabolic pathways enabling lipogenesis from volatile fatty acids, and focuses on strategies to enhance lipid accumulation in oleaginous microorganisms by tuning the ratios of volatile fatty acids generated via anaerobic fermentation.

ACS Style

Alok Patel; OmPrakash Sarkar; Ulrika Rova; Paul Christakopoulos; Leonidas Matsakas. Valorization of volatile fatty acids derived from low-cost organic waste for lipogenesis in oleaginous microorganisms-A review. Bioresource Technology 2020, 321, 124457 .

AMA Style

Alok Patel, OmPrakash Sarkar, Ulrika Rova, Paul Christakopoulos, Leonidas Matsakas. Valorization of volatile fatty acids derived from low-cost organic waste for lipogenesis in oleaginous microorganisms-A review. Bioresource Technology. 2020; 321 ():124457.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alok Patel; OmPrakash Sarkar; Ulrika Rova; Paul Christakopoulos; Leonidas Matsakas. 2020. "Valorization of volatile fatty acids derived from low-cost organic waste for lipogenesis in oleaginous microorganisms-A review." Bioresource Technology 321, no. : 124457.

Journal article
Published: 13 October 2020 in Bioresource Technology
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This two-phase, two-stage study analyzed production of biohydrogen and volatile fatty acids by acidogenic fermentation of brewery spent grains. Phase-1 served to optimize the effect of pH (4–10) on acidogenic fermentation; whereas phase-2 validated the optimized conditions by scaling up the process to 2 L, 5 L, and 10 L. Alkaline conditions (pH 9) yielded excellent cumulative H2 production (834 mL) and volatile fatty acid recovery (8936 mg/L) in phase-1. Extended fermentation time (from 5 to 10 days) upgraded the accumulated short-chain fatty acids (C2–C4) to medium-chain fatty acids (C5–C6). Enrichment for acidogens in modified mixed culture improved fatty acid production; while their consumption by methanogens in unmodified culture led to methane formation. Increased CH4 but decreased H2 content enabled biohythane generation. Scaling up confirmed the role of pH and culture type in production of renewable fuels and platform molecules from brewery spent grains.

ACS Style

OmPrakash Sarkar; Ulrika Rova; Paul Christakopoulos; Leonidas Matsakas. Influence of initial uncontrolled pH on acidogenic fermentation of brewery spent grains to biohydrogen and volatile fatty acids production: Optimization and scale-up. Bioresource Technology 2020, 319, 124233 .

AMA Style

OmPrakash Sarkar, Ulrika Rova, Paul Christakopoulos, Leonidas Matsakas. Influence of initial uncontrolled pH on acidogenic fermentation of brewery spent grains to biohydrogen and volatile fatty acids production: Optimization and scale-up. Bioresource Technology. 2020; 319 ():124233.

Chicago/Turabian Style

OmPrakash Sarkar; Ulrika Rova; Paul Christakopoulos; Leonidas Matsakas. 2020. "Influence of initial uncontrolled pH on acidogenic fermentation of brewery spent grains to biohydrogen and volatile fatty acids production: Optimization and scale-up." Bioresource Technology 319, no. : 124233.

Review
Published: 14 September 2020 in Chemosphere
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Industrial activities, such as mining, electroplating, cement production, and metallurgical operations, as well as manufacturing of plastics, fertilizers, pesticides, batteries, dyes or anticorrosive agents, can cause metal contamination in the surrounding environment. This is an acute problem due to the non-biodegradable nature of metal pollutants, their transformation into toxic and carcinogenic compounds, and bioaccumulation through the food chain. At the same time, platinum group metals and rare earth elements are of strong economic interest and their recovery is incentivized. Microbial interaction with metals or metals-bearing minerals can facilitate metals recovery. Metal nanoparticles are gaining increasing attention due to their unique characteristics and application as antimicrobial and antibiofilm agents, biocatalysts, in targeted drug delivery, for wastewater treatment, and in water electrolysis. Ideally, metal nanoparticles should be homogenous in shape and size, and not toxic to humans or the environment. Microbial synthesis of nanoparticles represents a safe, and environmentally friendly, alternative to chemical and physical methods. In this review article, we mainly focus on metal and metal salts nanoparticles synthesized by various microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, microalgae, and yeasts, as well as their advantages in biomedical, health, and environmental applications.

ACS Style

Alok Patel; Josefine Enman; Anna Gulkova; Pratama Istiadi Guntoro; Agata Dutkiewicz; Yousef Ghorbani; Ulrika Rova; Paul Christakopoulos; Leonidas Matsakas. Integrating biometallurgical recovery of metals with biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles. Chemosphere 2020, 263, 128306 .

AMA Style

Alok Patel, Josefine Enman, Anna Gulkova, Pratama Istiadi Guntoro, Agata Dutkiewicz, Yousef Ghorbani, Ulrika Rova, Paul Christakopoulos, Leonidas Matsakas. Integrating biometallurgical recovery of metals with biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles. Chemosphere. 2020; 263 ():128306.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alok Patel; Josefine Enman; Anna Gulkova; Pratama Istiadi Guntoro; Agata Dutkiewicz; Yousef Ghorbani; Ulrika Rova; Paul Christakopoulos; Leonidas Matsakas. 2020. "Integrating biometallurgical recovery of metals with biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles." Chemosphere 263, no. : 128306.

Journal article
Published: 05 September 2020 in Processes
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A shift towards an economically viable biomass biorefinery concept requires the use of all biomass fractions (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) for the production of high added-value products. As lignin is often underutilized, the establishment of lignin valorization routes is highly important. In-house produced organosolv as well as commercial Kraft lignin were used in this study. The aim of the current work was to make a comparative study of thermoplastic biomaterials from two different types of lignins. Native lignins were alkylate with two different alkyl iodides to produce ether-functionalized lignins. Successful etherification was verified by FT-IR spectroscopy, changes in the molecular weight of lignin, as well as 13C and 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). The thermal stability of etherified lignin samples was considerably improved with the T2% of organosolv to increase from 143 °C to up to 213 °C and of Kraft lignin from 133 °C to up to 168 °C, and glass transition temperature was observed. The present study shows that etherification of both organosolv and Kraft lignin with alkyl halides can produce lignin thermoplastic biomaterials with low glass transition temperature. The length of the alkyl chain affects thermal stability as well as other thermal properties.

ACS Style

Shubhankar Bhattacharyya; Leonidas Matsakas; Ulrika Rova; Paul Christakopoulos. Melt Stable Functionalized Organosolv and Kraft Lignin Thermoplastic. Processes 2020, 8, 1108 .

AMA Style

Shubhankar Bhattacharyya, Leonidas Matsakas, Ulrika Rova, Paul Christakopoulos. Melt Stable Functionalized Organosolv and Kraft Lignin Thermoplastic. Processes. 2020; 8 (9):1108.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shubhankar Bhattacharyya; Leonidas Matsakas; Ulrika Rova; Paul Christakopoulos. 2020. "Melt Stable Functionalized Organosolv and Kraft Lignin Thermoplastic." Processes 8, no. 9: 1108.

Journal article
Published: 08 August 2020 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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The oil scarcity and the rise in earth temperature have elevated the interest in lignocellulosic biorefineries. Lignin has high potential to be used in various applications including the production of biomaterials and transportation fuels. Among the different sources of lignin, organosolv lignin has the advantage of being sulphur-free and of low ash content compared to other types of industrial lignin. The present study focuses on cradle-to-gate life cycle and cost assessment of a novel organosolv lignin production process from spruce bark. The system boundary included production of tannin, lignin from spruce bark and handling of waste including all the inputs (material and energy) and outputs (emissions) in the process. Baseline scenario and scenarios S1 and S2 were compared to identify the most environmentally and economically suitable scenario. The baseline scenario is lignin production with co-production of tannin and tannin free bark (TFB) from spruce bark; scenario S1 is lignin production from TFB; and scenario S2 is lignin production from TFB with mass allocation. The functional unit was 1 kg lignin produced and ReCiPe 2016 Midpoint (H) method was used for the environmental impact assessment. The results showed that the baseline scenario had higher global warming potential (GWP) (2.14 kg CO2eq.) and total cost (1.959 €/kg) than S1 (1.39 kg CO2 eq. and 1.377 €/kg respectively) and S2 (0.23 kg CO2eq. and 0.998 €/kg respectively) scenarios. The results of sensitivity analysis showed that the use of bioethanol instead of ethanol reduced the burden on GWP but increased the burden on the land use impact category.

ACS Style

Pooja Yadav; Dimitris Athanassiadis; Io Antonopoulou; Ulrika Rova; Paul Christakopoulos; Mats Tysklind; Leonidas Matsakas. Environmental impact and cost assessment of a novel lignin production method. Journal of Cleaner Production 2020, 279, 123515 .

AMA Style

Pooja Yadav, Dimitris Athanassiadis, Io Antonopoulou, Ulrika Rova, Paul Christakopoulos, Mats Tysklind, Leonidas Matsakas. Environmental impact and cost assessment of a novel lignin production method. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2020; 279 ():123515.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pooja Yadav; Dimitris Athanassiadis; Io Antonopoulou; Ulrika Rova; Paul Christakopoulos; Mats Tysklind; Leonidas Matsakas. 2020. "Environmental impact and cost assessment of a novel lignin production method." Journal of Cleaner Production 279, no. : 123515.

Journal article
Published: 07 August 2020 in Bioresource Technology
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Rising environmental concerns and the imminent depletion of fossil resources have sparked a strong interest towards the production of renewable energy such as biomethane. Inclusion of alternative feedstock’s such as lignocellulosic biomass could further expand the production of biomethane. The present study evaluated the potential of a novel hybrid organosolv-steam explosion fractionation for delivering highly digestible pretreated solids from birch and spruce woodchips. The highest methane production yield was 176.5 mLCH4 gVS−1 for spruce and 327.2 mL CH4 gVS−1 for birch. High methane production rates of 1.0–6.3 mL min−1 (spruce) and 6.0–35.5 mL min−1 (birch) were obtained, leading to a rapid digestion, with 92% of total methane from spruce being generated in 80 h and 95% of that from birch in 120 h. These results demonstrate the elevated potential of the novel method to fractionate spruce and birch biomass and deliver cellulose-rich pretreated solids with superior digestibility.

ACS Style

Leonidas Matsakas; OmPrakash Sarkar; Stina Jansson; Ulrika Rova; Paul Christakopoulos. A novel hybrid organosolv-steam explosion pretreatment and fractionation method delivers solids with superior thermophilic digestibility to methane. Bioresource Technology 2020, 316, 123973 .

AMA Style

Leonidas Matsakas, OmPrakash Sarkar, Stina Jansson, Ulrika Rova, Paul Christakopoulos. A novel hybrid organosolv-steam explosion pretreatment and fractionation method delivers solids with superior thermophilic digestibility to methane. Bioresource Technology. 2020; 316 ():123973.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Leonidas Matsakas; OmPrakash Sarkar; Stina Jansson; Ulrika Rova; Paul Christakopoulos. 2020. "A novel hybrid organosolv-steam explosion pretreatment and fractionation method delivers solids with superior thermophilic digestibility to methane." Bioresource Technology 316, no. : 123973.

Journal article
Published: 17 July 2020 in Processes
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This study demonstrates the effects of structural variations of lignins isolated via an organosolv process from different woody and herbaceous feedstocks on their thermal stability profiles. The organosolv lignins were first analysed for impurities, and structural features were determined using the default set of gel permeation chromatography, FT-IR spectroscopy, quantitative 31 P NMR spectroscopy and semi-quantitative 1 H- 13 C HSQC analysis. Pyrolysis-, O 2 - and CO 2 -reactivity of the organosolv lignins were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and volatile formation in various heating cycles was mapped by head-space GC-MS analysis. Revealed reactivities were correlated to the presence of identified impurities and structural features typical for the organosolv lignins. Data suggest that thermogravimetric analysis can eventually be used to delineate a lignin character when basic information regarding its isolation method is available.

ACS Style

Anna Trubetskaya; Heiko Lange; Bernd Wittgens; Anders Brunsvik; Claudia Crestini; Ulrika Rova; Paul Christakopoulos; J. Leahy; Leonidas Matsakas. Structural and Thermal Characterization of Novel Organosolv Lignins from Wood and Herbaceous Sources. Processes 2020, 8, 860 .

AMA Style

Anna Trubetskaya, Heiko Lange, Bernd Wittgens, Anders Brunsvik, Claudia Crestini, Ulrika Rova, Paul Christakopoulos, J. Leahy, Leonidas Matsakas. Structural and Thermal Characterization of Novel Organosolv Lignins from Wood and Herbaceous Sources. Processes. 2020; 8 (7):860.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anna Trubetskaya; Heiko Lange; Bernd Wittgens; Anders Brunsvik; Claudia Crestini; Ulrika Rova; Paul Christakopoulos; J. Leahy; Leonidas Matsakas. 2020. "Structural and Thermal Characterization of Novel Organosolv Lignins from Wood and Herbaceous Sources." Processes 8, no. 7: 860.

Journal article
Published: 31 May 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Biodiesel derived from biomass is a renewable source of fuel, and global application of biodiesel in the transport sector has rapidly expanded over the last decade. However, effort has been made to overcome its main shortcoming, i.e., efficiency and exhaust emission characteristics (NOx emissions) in unmodified diesel engines. Biodiesel combustion generally results in lower unburned hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and particulate matter (PM) in exhaust emissions compared to fossil diesel. In this study, various biodiesel blends (Chlorella vulgaris, Jatropha curcus, and Calophyllum inophyllum) were investigated for fuel characteristics, and engine performance with exhaust emission compared to diesel. Chlorella vulgaris, Jatropha curcus, and Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel were synthesized by the acid–base transesterification approach in a microwave reactor and blended with conventional diesel fuel by volume. The fuel blends were denoted as MB10 (90% diesel + 10% microalgae biodiesel), MB20 (80% diesel + 20% microalgae biodiesel), JB10 (90% diesel + 10% jatropha biodiesel), JB20 (80% diesel + 20% jatropha biodiesel), PB10 (90% diesel + 10% polanga biodiesel) and PB20 (80% diesel + 20% polanga biodiesel). Experiments were performed using these fuel blends with a single-cylinder four-stroke diesel engine at different loads. It was shown in the results that, at rated load, thermal efficiency of the engine decreased from 34.6% with diesel to 34.1%, 33.7%, 34.1%, 34.0%, 33.9%, and 33.5% with MB10, MB20, JB10, JB20, PB10, and PB20 fuels, respectively. Unburned hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide and smoke emissions improved with third-generation fuels (MB10, MB20) in comparison to base diesel fuel and second-generation fuels (JB10, JB20, PB10 and PB20). Oxides of nitrogen emissions were slightly increased with both the third- and second-generation fuels as compared to the base diesel. The combustion behavior of microalgae biodiesel was also very close to diesel fuels. In the context of comparable engine performance, emissions, and combustion characteristics, along with biofuel production yield (per year per acre), microalgae biodiesel could have a great potential as a next-generation sustainable fuel in compression engine (CI) engines compared to jatropha and polanga biodiesel fuels.

ACS Style

Amit Kumar Sharma; Pankaj Kumar Sharma; Venkateswarlu Chintala; Narayan Khatri; Alok Patel. Environment-Friendly Biodiesel/Diesel Blends for Improving the Exhaust Emission and Engine Performance to Reduce the Pollutants Emitted from Transportation Fleets. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 3896 .

AMA Style

Amit Kumar Sharma, Pankaj Kumar Sharma, Venkateswarlu Chintala, Narayan Khatri, Alok Patel. Environment-Friendly Biodiesel/Diesel Blends for Improving the Exhaust Emission and Engine Performance to Reduce the Pollutants Emitted from Transportation Fleets. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (11):3896.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Amit Kumar Sharma; Pankaj Kumar Sharma; Venkateswarlu Chintala; Narayan Khatri; Alok Patel. 2020. "Environment-Friendly Biodiesel/Diesel Blends for Improving the Exhaust Emission and Engine Performance to Reduce the Pollutants Emitted from Transportation Fleets." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 11: 3896.

Journal article
Published: 25 May 2020 in Science of The Total Environment
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The commercial production of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from oleaginous microorganisms is getting more attention due to several advantages over fish oils. The processing cost became a major bottleneck for commercialization of DHA from microorganisms. The most of cost shares in the feedstock to cultivate the microorganisms and downstream processing. The cost of feedstock can be compensated with the utilization of substrate from waste stream whereas production of value-added chemicals boosts the economic viability of nutraceutical production. In the present study, the docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-producing marine protist Aurantiochytrium sp. T66 was cultivated on post-consumption food waste hydrolysate for the mining of squalene. After 120 h of cultivation, cell dry weight was 14.7 g/L, of which 6.34 g/L (43.13%; w/w) were lipids. DHA accounted for 2.15 g/L (34.05%) of total extracted lipids or 0.15 g/gCDW. Maximum squalene concentration and yield were 1.05 g/L and 69.31 mg/gCDW, respectively. Hence, utilization of food waste represents an excellent low-cost strategy for cultivating marine oleaginous thraustochytrids and produce squalene as a byproduct of DHA.

ACS Style

Alok Patel; Ulrika Rova; Paul Christakopoulos; Leonidas Matsakas. Mining of squalene as a value-added byproduct from DHA producing marine thraustochytrid cultivated on food waste hydrolysate. Science of The Total Environment 2020, 736, 139691 .

AMA Style

Alok Patel, Ulrika Rova, Paul Christakopoulos, Leonidas Matsakas. Mining of squalene as a value-added byproduct from DHA producing marine thraustochytrid cultivated on food waste hydrolysate. Science of The Total Environment. 2020; 736 ():139691.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alok Patel; Ulrika Rova; Paul Christakopoulos; Leonidas Matsakas. 2020. "Mining of squalene as a value-added byproduct from DHA producing marine thraustochytrid cultivated on food waste hydrolysate." Science of The Total Environment 736, no. : 139691.

Research article
Published: 12 May 2020 in ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering
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Biofuels are essential for transitioning to a sustainable society. This switch can be achieved by introducing novel feedstocks and technologies for efficient and economically feasible biofuel production. Second-generation biofuels are particularly advantageous as they are produced from non-edible lignocellulosic biomass derived primarily from agricultural by-products. Ciona intestinalis, a marine filter feeder, is cultivated to produce fish feed from the invertebrate’s inner tissue body. This process generates also vast amounts of a renewable side stream, namely the tunicate’s external cellulose-rich tunic. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential of C. intestinalis tunic as a novel feedstock for bioethanol production. For this purpose, organosolv fractionation of the tunic was optimised to increase cellulose content. Enzymatic saccharification of the pretreated biomass was assessed to identify the most promising materials, which were subsequently utilized as carbon source in fermentation trials. Under optimal conditions, a titer of 38.7 g/L of ethanol, with a yield of 78.3% of the maximum theoretical, was achieved. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report whereby organosolv pretreated tunic biomass is valorised towards bioethanol production; the current work paves the way for incorporating tunicates in bioconversion processes for the generation of biofuels and other bio-based chemicals.

ACS Style

Kateřina Hrůzová; Leonidas Matsakas; Anthi Karnaouri; Fredrik Norén; Ulrika Rova; Paul Christakopoulos. Second-Generation Biofuel Production from the Marine Filter Feeder Ciona intestinalis. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 2020, 8, 8373 -8380.

AMA Style

Kateřina Hrůzová, Leonidas Matsakas, Anthi Karnaouri, Fredrik Norén, Ulrika Rova, Paul Christakopoulos. Second-Generation Biofuel Production from the Marine Filter Feeder Ciona intestinalis. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering. 2020; 8 (22):8373-8380.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kateřina Hrůzová; Leonidas Matsakas; Anthi Karnaouri; Fredrik Norén; Ulrika Rova; Paul Christakopoulos. 2020. "Second-Generation Biofuel Production from the Marine Filter Feeder Ciona intestinalis." ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 8, no. 22: 8373-8380.