The combined actions of climatic variations and landscape barriers shape the history of natural populations. When organisms follow their shifting niches, obstacles in the landscape can lead to the splitting of populations, on which evolution will then act independently. When two such populations are reunited, secondary contact occurs in a broad range of admixture patterns, from narrow hybrid zones to the complete dissolution of lineages. A previous study suggested that barn owls colonized the Western Palearctic after the last glaciation in a ring-like fashion around the Mediterranean Sea, and conjectured an admixture zone in the Balkans. Here, we take advantage of whole-genome sequences of 94 individuals across the Western Palearctic to reveal the complex history of the species in the region using observational and modeling approaches. Even though our results confirm that two distinct lineages colonized the region, one in Europe and one in the Levant, they suggest that it predates the last glaciation and identify a secondary contact zone between the two in Anatolia. We also show that barn owls recolonized Europe after the glaciation from two distinct glacial refugia: a previously identified western one in Iberia and a new eastern one in Italy. Both glacial lineages now communicate via eastern Europe, in a wide and permeable contact zone. This complex history of populations enlightens the taxonomy of Tyto alba in the region, highlights the key role played by mountain ranges and large water bodies as barriers and illustrates the power of population genomics in uncovering intricate demographic patterns.

The study of insular populations was key in the development of evolutionary theory. The successful colonisation of an island depends on the geographic context, and specific characteristics of the organism and the island, but also on stochastic processes. As a result, apparently identical islands may harbour populations with contrasting histories. Here, we use whole genome sequences of 65 barn owls to investigate the patterns of inbreeding and genetic diversity of insular populations in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. We focus on Crete and Cyprus, islands with similar size, climate and distance to mainland, that provide natural replicates for a comparative analysis of the impacts of microevolutionary processes on isolated populations. We show that barn owl populations from each island have a separate origin, Crete being genetically more similar to other Greek islands and mainland Greece, and Cyprus more similar to the Levant. Further, our data show that their respective demographic histories following colonisation were also distinct. On the one hand, Crete harbours a small population and maintains very low levels of gene flow with neighbouring populations. This has resulted in low genetic diversity, strong genetic drift, increased relatedness in the population and remote inbreeding. Cyprus, on the other hand, appears to maintain enough gene flow with the mainland to avoid such an outcome. Our study provides a comparative population genomic analysis of the effects of neutral processes on a classical island‐mainland model system. It provides empirical evidence for the role of stochastic processes in determining the fate of diverging isolated populations.

La competencia interespecífica ocurre cuando dos especies simpátricas utilizan el mismo suministro limitado de un recurso básico, como por ejemplo la comida; el grado de solapamiento de la dieta es una métrica esencial para examinar la competencia potencial entre las especies. Buteo rufinus es una especie relativamente nueva en la isla de Chipre, donde se presenta en simpatría con Aquila fasciata, de mayor tamaño, un competidor potencial tanto por comida como por espacio (territorios de nidificación). Estudiamos la dieta de B. rufinus en las temporadas de cría de 2005, 2006 y 2018 mediante el análisis de egagrópilas y restos de presas recolectados en 38 sitios. Las presas más abundantes fueron los mamíferos (68,8% de frecuencia, 58,9% de biomasa), seguido de los reptiles (16,8% de frecuencia, 36,3% de biomasa) y las aves (4,3% de frecuencia, 4,6% de biomasa). Las especies de presa más numerosas fueron Rattus rattus, Stellagama stelio, Mus musculus y Dolichophis jugularis, si bien en términos de biomasa las presas más importantes fueron R. rattus, D. jugularis, Hemiechinus auritus dorotheae y S. stelio. Comparamos la dieta de B. rufinus con la de A. fasciata, cuya dieta estaba dominada por aves (62,1% de frecuencia, 76,1% de biomasa) y en menor medida por mamíferos (29,5% de frecuencia, 21,9% de biomasa). La biomasa de la presa promedio para B. rufinus se estimó en 167 g, en comparación con 350 g para A. fasciata; esta disparidad reflejó la diferencia de masa de casi el doble entre las hembras de las dos especies. El solapamiento de dieta medido con el índice de Pianka fue <0,5, lo que sugiere un solapamiento de nicho intermedio debido principalmente a la utilización de un recurso de presa abundante como R. rattus. La amplitud de nicho para B. rufinus, medido con el índice de Levins, fluctuó entre 0,485 en 2005 y 0,081 en 2018. Esta disminución en la amplitud de nicho a lo largo del tiempo en una especie generalista puede ocurrir cuando hay una sobreabundancia de una presa en particular. El índice de Levins medio para A. fasciata también fue bajo, 0,271 (1999–2001). Basados en la comparación de la dieta, concluimos que no hubo evidencia de competencia interespecífica en términos de alimentación. [Traducción del equipo editorial]

For large herbivores inhabiting arid/semi-arid environments, water can be a limiting resource affecting their distribution and abundance for periods when water requirements are not met via forage. The Cyprus mouflon (Ovis gmelini ophion) is such a species, which is endemic to the mountain habitats of Cyprus. Recognizing water scarcity to be a major pressure to the mouflon, and with global warming projected to intensify hot and dry periods in the region, the Game and Fauna Service has been maintaining a network of locally designed watering troughs in Pafos Forest—the mouflon’s stronghold—since 1997. This study describes the mouflon’s use of the water troughs and examines whether visitation rates differed at the daily or weekly scale in response to environmental, climatic or anthropogenic parameters. Using camera traps, ten troughs were monitored from September 2017 to March 2018 (1,065 days; range 29–164 days per trough). Mouflon were detected at seven troughs (mean herd size 1.5 ± 1.2) during 373 independent detections (≥30 min interval between photographs), with visits peaking during late morning and midday hours. Generalized mixed-effect models showed mouflon visiting water troughs more frequently during hotter days, regardless of recent precipitation. Visits were also more frequent at water troughs located close to tar roads. Moreover, there was no evidence of mouflon avoiding water troughs used by predators (red foxes, feral dogs) at either daily or weekly scale, or during hunting days. The study supports the value of artificial water troughs for mediating, partially at least, the effects of climate change on mountain ungulates such as the Cyprus mouflon. Additional studies are proposed that will examine both mouflon drinking patterns across all seasons and ways of improving the effectiveness of the current water trough grid.

The combined actions of climatic variations and landscape barriers shape the history of natural populations. When organisms follow their shifting niches, obstacles in the landscape can lead to the splitting of populations, on which evolution will then act independently. When two such populations are reunited, secondary contact occurs in a broad range of admixture patterns, from narrow hybrid zones to the complete dissolution of lineages. A previous study suggested that barn owls colonized the Western Palearctic after the last glaciation in a ring-like fashion around the Mediterranean Sea, and conjectured an admixture zone in the Balkans. Here, we take advantage of whole-genome sequences of 94 individuals across the Western Palearctic to reveal the complex history of the species in the region using observational and modeling approaches. Even though our results confirm that two distinct lineages colonized the region, one in Europe and one in the Levant, they suggest that it predates the last glaciation and identify a narrow secondary contact zone between the two in Anatolia. Nonetheless, we also show that barn owls re-colonized Europe after the glaciation from two distinct glacial refugia: a western one in Iberia and an eastern one in Italy. Both glacial lineages now communicate via eastern Europe, in a wide and permeable contact zone. This complex history of populations enlightens the taxonomy of Tyto alba in the region, highlights the key role played by mountain ranges and large water bodies as barriers and illustrates the power of population genomics in uncovering intricate demographic patterns.