Messenger RNA (mRNA)-based therapy has revolutionized cancer research by enabling versatile delivery systems for therapeutic applications. The future of mRNA-based cancer therapies shows promise amidst challenges such as delivery efficiency, immunogenicity, and tumor heterogeneity. Recent progress has adapted various strategies such as design flexibility, scalable production, and targeted delivery capabilities to enhance the potential in personalized cancer therapy. Further research to optimize delivery for enhanced outcomes and efficacy in solid tumors is warranted. Therefore, we aim to explore the current landscape and future prospects of mRNA technology across various therapeutic platforms.

Extracellular RNAs (exRNAs) are novel circulating factors that can be used as biomarkers in various diseases. Their unique and diverse kinds, as well as their role as biomarkers, make them significant biomarkers. There has been immense work carried out since the discovery of exRNAs in circulation and other biological fluids to catalog and determine whether exRNAs may be utilized as indicators for health and illness. In this review, we aim to understand the current state of exRNAs in relation to various diseases and their potential as biomarkers. We will also review current issues and challenges faced in using exRNAs, with clinical and lab trials, that can be used as viable markers for different diseases.

Background: Gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) accounts for 1.3% of cancer incidence and 1.7% of cancer-related deaths which emphasizes the need for comprehensive research in epidemiological trends. Aim: We aim to address this gap by investigating global prevalence trends across various regions, age groups, risk factors and cancer stages. Methods: A meta-analysis of studies retrieved from Google Scholar, PubMed and Web of Science, reporting prevalence of GBC was conducted using a predetermined screening criterion. Meta Regression and Egger’s Regression-based tests were employed to assess heterogeneity and publication bias, respectively. Results: We identified three types of studies (n = 20), primarily originating from Asia (n = 10) over a cumulative time period of 24 years (1988–2012). The pooled analysis revealed a statistically significant GBC prevalence of 20.3 ± 5.2% (95% CI 9.3–31.3%, p = 0.001) among at-risk populations, including those with gallstones or cholecystitis. Analysis of potential publication bias showed none, nevertheless, individual parameters indicated varying significance. Subgroup analyses highlighted regional, temporal, and demographic variations, emphasizing the influence of factors like sample size and age on GBC prevalence. Correlation analysis demonstrated strong positive associations with sample size (p < 0.01), gender distribution (male: r = 0.85, p < 0.01, female: r = 0.806, p < 0.01), and prevalence rates (r = 0.98, p = 0.04). Conclusion: Despite of less data present, our comprehensive overview of prevalence, regional variations, and demographic associations serves as a crucial starting point for future targeted investigations. The study fulfills a gap in epidemiology of GBC and emphasizes the need for increased attention and provides a pioneering arena in future.