This article reports the dependence of exchange bias (EB) effect on interparticle interactions in nanocrystalline Co/CoO core/shell structures, synthesized using the conventional sol-gel technique. Analysis via powder X-Ray diffraction (PXRD) studies and transmission electron microscope (TEM) images confirm the presence of crystalline phases of core/shell Co/CoO with average particle size ≈ 18 nm. Volume fraction ($\phi$) is varied (from 20% to 1%) by the introduction of a stoichiometric amount of non-magnetic amorphous silica matrix (SiO${}_2$) which leads to a change in interparticle interaction (separation). The influence of exchange and dipolar interactions on the EB effect, caused by the variation in interparticle interaction (separation) is studied for a series of Co/CoO core/shell nanoparticle systems. Studies of thermal variation of magnetization ($M-T$) and magnetic hysteresis loops ($M-H$) for the series point towards strong dependence of magnetic properties on dipolar interaction in concentrated assemblies whereas individual nanoparticle response is dominant in isolated nanoparticle systems. The analysis of the EB effect reveals a monotonic increase of coercivity ($H_C$) and EB field ($H_E$) with increasing volume fraction. When the nanoparticles are close enough and the interparticle interaction is significant, collective behavior leads to an increase in the effective antiferromagnetic (AFM) CoO shell thickness which results in high $H_C$ and $H_E$. Moreover, in concentrated assemblies, the dipolar field superposes to the local exchange field and enhances the EB effect contributing as an additional source of unidirectional anisotropy.

This article reports exchange bias (EB) in nanocrystalline cobalt chromite CoCr ₂ O ₄ , - a phenomenon manifested by loop shift followed by increase in coercivity after cooling the sample in static magnetic field. The average particle size of the nanocrystalline CoCr ₂ O ₄ is 30 nm, confirmed from transmission electron microscopy images. Thermal variation of magnetization data M ( T ), in zero field cooling (ZFC) and field cooling (FC) modes depict long range order below the lock-in transition at T _L ≈16 K, spin-spiral transition at T _S ≈28 K and a collinear ferrimagnetic state at T _C ≈100 K. Magnetic hysteresis loops are recorded in ZFC and FC modes at different cooling fields ( H c o o l ). In addition, hysteresis loops are recorded in FC mode for a wide temperature range. In both cases, a clear signature of conventional exchange bias effect is observed. Analysis of the training effect in magnetic hysteresis loop and temperature dependent ac susceptibility ( χ _ac ) at different frequencies suggest that the surface spins of CoCr ₂ O ₄ nanoparticles play an important role in controlling the magnetic properties, and enhance the EB effect in collaboration with competition between non-collinear spiral spin state and collinear long range ferrimagnetic order.