Objective: To assess both individual and interactive effects of prenatal medical conditions depression and diabetes, and health behaviors including smoking during pregnancy on infant birth defects. Methods: The data for this research study were collected by the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) in 2018. Birth certificate records were used in each participating jurisdiction to select a sample representative of all women who delivered a live-born infant. Complex sampling weights were used to analyze the data with a weighted sample size of 4,536,867. Descriptive statistics were performed to explore frequencies of the independent and dependent variables. Bivariate and multivariable analyses were conducted to examine associations among the independent and dependent variables. Results: The results indicate significant interaction between the variables smoking and depression and depression and diabetes (OR = 3.17; p-value < 0.001 and OR = 3.13; p-value < 0.001, respectively). Depression during pregnancy was found to be strongly associated with delivering an infant with a birth defect (OR = 1.31, p-value < 0.001). Conclusion: Depression during pregnancy and its interaction with smoking and diabetes are vital in determining birth defects in infants. The results indicate that birth defects in the United States can be reduced by lowering depression in pregnant women.

: Objective: To assess both individual and interactive effects of prenatal medical conditions depression and Diabetes, and health behaviors including smoking during pregnancy on infant birth defects. Methods: The data for this research study were collected by the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) in 2018. Birth certificate records were used in each participating jurisdiction to select a sample representative of all women who delivered a live-born infant. Complex sampling weights were used to analyze the data with a weighted sample size of 4,536,867. Descriptive statistics were performed to explore frequencies of the independent and dependent variables. Bivariate and multivariable analyses were conducted to examine associations among the independent and dependent variables. Results: The results indicate and significant interaction between the variables smoking and Depression and Depression and Diabetes (OR= 3.17; p-value <0.001 and OR= 3.13; p-value <0.001 respectively). Depression during pregnancy was found to be strongly associated with delivering an infant with a birth defect (OR= 1.31, P-value < 0.001). Conclusion: Depression during pregnancy and its interaction with smoking and Diabetes are vital in determining birth defects in infants. The results indicate that birth defects in the United States can be lowering Depression in pregnant women.

Background: The introduction of bioactive dental composites has revolutionized restorative dentistry with features like remineralization, antibacterial activities, and prolonging the lifespan of dental restorations. Adoption in clinical practice, however, is still quite limited due to their costs, difficulty in material handling, and absence of long-term clinical evidence. This study attempts to determine the awareness and adoption of bioactive dental composites as well as their effectiveness and shortcomings among dental professionals. Methods: A cross-sectional survey using quantitative methods was administered to 250 dental practitioners including general dentists, prosthodontists, endodontists, periodontists, orthodontists, dental researchers, and dental students. Data was gathered through a structured questionnaire focusing on bioactive dental composites’ awareness, use, effectiveness, and the barriers surrounding it. Descriptive statistics, Shapiro-Wilk normality test, Cronbach’s Alpha reliability test, and regression analysis were the statistical methods performed to compute the data distribution and internal consistency as well as the relationship of years of experience to the frequency of use. Results: The Shapiro-Wilk normality test performed with the data also noted the variation (p <0.05) in responses, showcasing that the data did not follow the expected normal distribution. The Cronbach’s Alpha reliability test showcased a value of -0.148 which indicates awful internal consistency of the decision-making factors. Regression analysis gave an R² value of 0.00016, which confirms that Despite the number of years of experience one has had, there are no significant shifts in the adoption of bioactive dental composites. In addition, other significant obstacles included great material expense, difficult handling, and a lack of sufficient clinical proof. Conclusion: The findings show that the more experience clinicians have with composites, the lower the adoption of bioactive dental composites tends to be, suggesting that the transition is more dependent on external variables like material properties and cost. There is an urgent call to enhance education and training to improve material handling and cost-effectiveness to enable the use of these composites. Further studies are needed to address other possible influencing variables, clinical studies, and patient-oriented approaches toward using bioactive composites in everyday dental practice. Solving these issues will ensure that bioactive dental composites increase the efficiency in modern restorative dentistry, which in turn will decrease the cost of treatment increase the longevity of dental materials, and improve patient satisfaction.

Background: The usage of mobile health-related applications (mHealth apps) has expanded in recent years, significantly impacting healthcare by promoting healthy behaviors and improving patient engagement.Objective: To map the existing literature on the engagement and implementation of mHealth apps for health behaviors, with a focus on bibliometric trends, key contributors, and influential app features.Methods: Data Sources: Web of Science Core Collection.• Inclusion Criteria: Articles in English published between January 1, 2010, and June 30, 2024.• Study Selection: A total of 987 papers, including 670 journal articles and 317 review articles, were analyzed.• Analysis: Bibliometric analysis was conducted to examine publication trends, geographic contributions, institutional impact, and key research areas.Results: Publication Trends: A sharp increase in publications was observed, peaking at 145 papers in 2023.• Geographic Distribution: The United States leads with 310 publications and 14,500 citations, followed by Europe and significant contributions from China and India.• Key Contributors:o Researchers: Dr. Lisa Brown (Johns Hopkins University), Dr. Michael Lee (University of California), and Dr. Mei Chen (Peking University).o Institutions: Johns Hopkins University leads in publication volume, while the University of California has the highest citation frequency.• Prominent Journals: Journal of Medical Internet Research, mHealth, and Digital Health.• Keywords: Mobile applications, health promotion, user engagement, behavior change, and chronic disease management.• Influential App Features: Personalized feedback, gamification, and real-time monitoring were identified as particularly impactful in promoting healthy behaviors.Conclusions: The analysis underscores the growing research interest in mHealth apps and their role in promoting sustainable health behavior change. Interdisciplinary research and international collaboration are essential to advance the effective utilization of mHealth apps further and improve health outcomes.

Background: Neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), involve gradual loss of neurons and functional impairment. There is new proof that neuro-inflammation is critical to the onset and progression of these diseases. The damage to neural tissue as well as the sustained degeneration of neural tissues is caused due to pro-inflammatory cytokines along with microglial activation and immune signaling pathways. This systematic review aims to integrate the existing information about the role of inflammation in neurodegenerative diseases, especially focusing on its mechanisms and possibilities for treatment. Objective: To systematically review existing literature to assess the impact of neuro-inflammation in the main neurodegenerative illness in relation to their pathogenesis. This review attempts to find main predictors of inflammation, explain the primary processes, and evaluate the effects of changing immunological defense responses of the central nervous system on treatment outcomes. Methods: A systematic search was done on PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar from the year 2010 to 2025. The inclusion criteria focused on studies dealing with neurodegenerative diseases and had relevant inflammatory biomarkers or mechanisms. The data collected included study design, disease focus, demographics of the markers (cytokines, TLR4, microglial activation), mechanistic pathways, and therapeutic approaches. The quality of studies was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Findings through the studies were qualitatively analyzed to identify prevailing themes. Results: There were 123 eligible studies identified through the search. Euro-inflammation was persistently associated with disease evolution in all three paramount disorders. The most frequently examined factors explain neuro degeneration as cytokines (e.g., IL-1β, TNF-α.) and overstimulation of microglia. TLR4 signaling and inflammasome pathways were often related to oxidative stress, synaptic pathology, and neuronal death. About 80% of studies found that modifying inflammatory responses is likely to improve the course of the disease. The results indicate that targeting neuroinflammatory processes has the potential for effective diagnosis and treatment. Conclusions: From this systematic review, hyper inflammation is one of the most important phenomena during the progression of neurodegenerative disorders. Inflammation-related neurodegeneration such as cytokine release and microglial activity provides damage to the neurons, constituting a rational basis for therapy. Greater focus on unmasking treatment will premise strategies based on timing of the intervention, controlling inflammation, and the use of multidisciplinary approaches into practice.

Background: This research aims to investigate the oral health status and needs of individuals with disabilities, a vulnerable population that is facing barriers in accessing and maintaining oral care. Methods: Data for this study were obtained through self-administered questionnaires distributed to individuals with disabilities who were receiving assistance from Helping Restore Ability and Neuro Assistance Foundation. The data were analyzed using statistical methods using SPSS and Microsoft Excel to identify patterns and associations related to oral health maintenance among individuals with disabilities. Results: The findings of this research indicate a high prevalence of poor oral hygiene, periodontal diseases, and untreated dental caries, risk factors of oral cancer among individuals with disabilities. Social determinants were found to have a significant influence on the oral health status of this population. The study also highlights the crucial role of caregivers in ensuring oral health maintenance. Conclusion: The results of this study underscore the urgent need for targeted interventions and improved caregiver awareness to address the oral health needs of individuals with disabilities. By addressing the disparities and barriers faced by people with disabilities in accessing dental care, we can mitigate the health, social, and economic burdens associated with poor oral health in this vulnerable population.