During medical training, students are exposed to stressors that deteriorate mental health. This study determined depression and anxiety prevalence and their associated factors in students from four medical schools in northern Peru. A cross-sectional study was conducted among medical students from Lambayeque, Peru. The Goldberg Anxiety and Zung Depression tests were applied. The dependent variables were depression and anxiety, and their association with covariates (age, sex, type of university, socioeconomic level, experience, family problem, and physical activity) was evaluated. Prevalence ratios were calculated using generalized linear models. Of 482 students, the prevalence of anxiety was 61.8% and depression was 22.0%. A severe level of anxiety was observed in 6.2% in the group between 16 and 20 years old. It was observed that private university students had higher frequencies of having depression (PR = 2.01) and anxiety (PR = 1.35); males had a lower risk of anxiety (PR = 0.82), but higher risk of depression compared to females (PR = 1.45). Performing physical activity decreased the prevalence of depression (PR = 0.53); however, it increased the frequency of anxiety (PR = 1.26). Having family problems increased the prevalence of anxiety (PR = 1.26). Medical students from private universities experienced higher rates of depression and anxiety. Depression and anxiety were associated with gender and physical activity. These findings highlight the importance of mental health promotion due to its link with quality of life and academic performance.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, university students have adopted measures that completely transformed their educational environment, and this has generated an increase in psychological stress. The present study aimed to identify the factors associated with anxiety, depression, and stress in students at a university in Peru during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. We conducted a cross-sectional analytical study in students in Lima, Peru. The DASS-21 scale was used to measure levels of depression, anxiety, and stress and associate it with socio-educational and COVID-19-related variables using generalized linear models with Poisson distribution, log link, and robust variance. Of 400 students surveyed, 19.2%, 23.2% and 17.2% of students presented depression, anxiety, and stress, respectively. The frequency of depression (PR = 0.91, 95%CI: 0.84–0.99), anxiety (PR = 0.90, 95%CI: 0.83–0.99) and stress (PR = 0.92, 95%CI: 0.86–0.99) was lower in women. The students of the engineering and business faculty presented a higher frequency of anxiety (PR = 1.11, 95%CI: 1.00–1.22). There was a greater frequency of presenting anxiety, depression and stress in students who worked in a different area of health or did not work. Our results suggest the importance of promoting mental health awareness campaigns in university students due to the constant academic load they have.

Desde el origen de la neurociencia como disciplina se han realizado grandes descubrimientos en esta materia pero al mismo tiempo surgen interrogantes y problemas que esta ciencia todavía no puede resolver. Probablemente no exista consenso al momento de definir cuáles son los unsolved problems de la neurociencia, pero sobre lo que sí se está seguro es en reconocer que estos problemas existen. ¿La neurociencia del futuro, con sus logros y sus unsolved problems, es la neurociencia que queremos? En el presente documento se elaborará un recuento de los llamados unsolved problems de la neurociencia de acuerdo (según) varios autores que han analizado a futuro los límites de esta disciplina. Asimismo, se realizará una sumarización del itinerario de ideas de la Teoría Sociobiológica Informacional de Pedro Ortiz Cabanillas (1933-2011) como propuesta alternativa para así finalmente se perfile la neurociencia del futuro, la neurociencia que deseamos. Since the origin of neuroscience as a discipline, great discoveries have been made in this area, but at the same time questions and problems arise that this science still cannot solve. Probably there is no consensus when defining what are the unsolved problems of neuroscience, but what most neuroscientist are sure about is recognizing that these problems exist. Is the neuroscience of future, with its achievements and unsolved problems, the neuroscience we want? In this document, a count of the so-called unsolved problems of neuroscience is elaborated, according to several authors who have analyzed the limits of this discipline in the future. Likewise, a summary of the itinerary of ideas of Pedro Ortiz Cabanillas’ Sociobiological Informational Theory will be made as an alternative proposal in order to finally shape the neuroscience of the future, the neuroscience that we desire. Keywords: Neuroscience; information theory; society; sociobiology.

Introduction: There is little evidence regarding the knowledge of the National Superintendence of Health (Superintendencia Nacional de Salud, SUSALUD), and health rights. The objective of this study was to determine the factors associated with filing complaints in patients treated at a Level III-1 health facility of the Ministry of Health (MINSA) in Lima 2019. Methods: Cross-sectional study on Internal Medicine patients treated at a Level III-1 health facility of MINSA, Lima, Peru in 2019. We used a modified survey taken from the complaints and knowledge about SUSALUD section from the questionnaire of the National Health User Satisfaction Survey (ENSUSALUD 2016). Prevalence ratios were estimated through simple and multiple regression. Results: Of 250 patients, the average age was 52 years and most of them were women (61.2%). Of the total, 37.3% made some health care complaints. The majority of the patients knew about the complaints book (66.4%), but only 30% knew about SUSALUD. Knowing SUSALUD (PR=3.33, CI95%: 1.81-6.11), the right to access health services (PR=1.15, CI95%: 0.41-3.29) and the right to be informed (PR=2.65, CI95%: 1.07-6.60) were associated with a greater frequency of filing health care complaints. Conclusions: The frequency of complaints due to care problems is high. The knowledge about SUSALUD, the right to access health services and the right to be informed were positively associated with filing any type of complaint. Keywords: Knowledge, complaints, health care, hospitals (Source: DECS)

Introducción: El tocosh es un producto obtenido a partir de la fermentación de alimentos como papa y maíz, al cual se le atribuyen beneficios por sus propiedades nutritivas y efectos antibacteriano y cicatrizante. Objetivo: Identificar al género Penicillium spp. en muestras de producto fermentado tocosh de maíz y papa. Métodos: Estudio experimental in vitro. Se obtuvieron muestras de tocosh de maíz y papa y se diluyeron ambas hasta obtener dos concentraciones líquidas de 0,1 ml y 0,2 ml. Se sembraron las muestras de tocosh en agar Sabouraud, Sabouraud con antibiótico, McConkey, TSA y Manitol. Para el sembrado, se emplearon las técnicas de estrías por rotación, estrías en superficie y estrías por agotamiento. Posteriormente, se procedió a incubar los cultivos a una temperatura de 22 °C por seis días. Resultados: En la muestra de tocosh de papa se identificó el crecimiento de Penicillium spp. en los agares Sabouraud, Sabouraud con antibiótico y TSA; mientras que en agar Manitol se encontró la presencia de Staphylococcus aureus. En la muestra de tocosh de maíz, se observó el crecimiento de Penicillium spp. en los agares Sabouraud, Sabouraud con antibiótico y TSA. En agar Sabouraud se encontró 1350 UFC/g (tocosh de maíz 0,1 ml), 2650 UFC/g (tocosh de maíz 0,2 ml), 2000 UFC/g (tocosh de papa 0,1 ml) y 3150 UFC/g (tocosh de papa 0,2 ml). Conclusiones: Se identificó la presencia del género Penicillium spp. en tocosh de maíz y papa. El número de colonias encontradas varió de acuerdo a la concentración de las muestras.