A “building block” is a key component that plays a substantial and critical function in the pharmaceutical research and development industry. Given its structural versatility and ability to undergo substitutions at both the amino and carboxyl groups, para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) is a commonly used building block in pharmaceuticals. Therefore, it is great for the development of a wide range of novel molecules with potential medical applications. Anticancer, anti-Alzheimer’s, antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties have been observed in PABA compounds, suggesting their potential as therapeutic agents in future clinical trials. PABA-based therapeutic chemicals as molecular targets and their usage in biological processes are the primary focus of this review study. PABA’s unique features make it a strong candidate for inclusion in a massive chemical database of molecules having drug-like effects. Based on the current literature, further investigation is needed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of PABA derivatives in clinical investigations and better understand the specific mechanism of action revealed by these compounds.

We present analytical solutions of the Fornberg–Whitham equations with the aid of two well-known methods: Adomian decomposition transform and variational iteration transform involving fractional-order derivatives with the Atangana–Baleanu–Caputo derivative. The Elzaki transformation is used in the Atangana–Baleanu–Caputo derivative to find the solution to the Fornberg–Whitham equations. Using certain exemplary situations, the proposed method’s viability is assessed. Comparative analysis for both integer and fractional-order results is established. For validation, the solutions of the suggested methods are compared with the actual results available in the literature. Two examples are considered to check the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed techniques.

This work addressed one of the most essential evolutionary equations that was widely used in describing various nonlinear wave propagation and dispersive phenomena in various scientific and engineering applications, which was called the nonlinear fractional Fornberg-Whitham (FFW). Due to the importance of this equation, we examined it by employing two highly effective techniques: the residual power series method (RPSM) and the new iterative approach (NIM), both distinguished by their efficacy in solving more complicated nonlinear fractional evolutionary equations. Moreover, we integrated the Elzaki transform with both approaches to create Elzaki RPSM (ERPSM) and Elzaki NIM (ENIM) to ease the calculations. The ERPSM effectively combined the power series approach with residual error analysis to generate highly accurate series solutions, while ENIM provided alternative frameworks for handling nonlinearities and achieving rapid convergence. Comparative studies of the obtained solutions highlighted these methods' efficiency, accuracy, and reliability in solving fractional-order differential equations. The results underscored the potential of these analytical techniques for modeling and solving complex fractional wave equations, contributing to the advancement of mathematical physics and computational fluid dynamics.